Carbon output fluxes of volcanic activity during typical geological periods on the Tibetan Plateau and related environmental implications

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.3.41

Abstract

Abstract:

Volcanic activity and deep earth processes significantly influence climatic and environmental changes, making them a critical topic in global change research. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic was accompanied by multiple phases of volcanic activity and deep carbon release, while atmospheric CO₂ concentrations underwent periodic changes. During this period, the Asian climate shifted from being predominantly controlled by planetary wind systems to a monsoon-dominated regime. However, whether there is an intrinsic connection between volcanic activity on the Tibetan Plateau and climatic-environmental changes remains unclear due to the lack of direct constraints on the output of deep carbon release from volcanic activity. This study focuses on post-collisional volcanic activity on the Tibetan Plateau, analyzing Miocene volcanic rocks from the Chazi and Mibale areas of the Lhasa block and Oligocene volcanic rocks from the Yibuchaka, Ejumaima, and Yulishan areas of the Qiangtang block. Using laser in-situ Raman spectroscopy, the CO₂ concentrations in melt inclusions within phenocrysts of these volcanic rocks were determined. Combined with parameters such as volcanic rock volume and age, we estimated the CO₂ output from volcanic activity in the Lhasa block and Qiangtang block. The results show that the average CO₂ concentrations in volcanic rocks from the Lhasa block and Qiangtang block are approximately (1.73±0.59)% and (0.46±0.07)%, respectively. Based on volcanic rock volumes, the estimated CO₂ flux from volcanic activity in the Lhasa block and Qiangtang block is (0.252±0.091) Pg·a^-1 and (0.012±0.002) Pg·a^-1, respectively. The lower CO₂ flux from Oligocene volcanic activity in the Qiangtang block is consistent with the rapid decline in atmospheric CO₂ concentration during this period, while the higher CO₂ flux from Miocene volcanic activity in the Lhasa block may have contributed to the peak in atmospheric CO₂ concentration during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum. The approximate synchronous variation between deep carbon outflux from volcanic activity on the Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric CO₂ concentration suggests that volcanic activity induced by the India-Asia continental collision and subduction was a key factor influencing the Cenozoic atmospheric carbon budget.

Key words: volcanic activity, CO₂ emission, Tibetan Plateau, melt inclusion

CLC Number:

P317
X142

XIE Xiangang, ZHAO Wenbin, ZHANG Maoliang, GUO Zhengfu, XU Sheng. Carbon output fluxes of volcanic activity during typical geological periods on the Tibetan Plateau and related environmental implications[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(3): 350-361.

Figures/Tables 7

References 56

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火山岩区	样品编号	斑晶	ν^-/(cm^-1)	ν⁺/(cm^-1)	Δx/ (cm^-1)	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_MI/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	45.9	240.6	194.7
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	28.3	207.6	179.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-3	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.20	9.2	88.5	79.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-4	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.6	103.3	0.17	4.1	47.5	43.5
	CHZ1303-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.5	1 386.2	103.7	0.30	930.1	1 284.1	354.0
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	97.9	647.3	549.4
	CHZ1301-1-1-2	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.3	103.4	0.19	118.7	216.1	97.4
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.12	12 361.2	50 637.6	38 276.4
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.19	474.4	2 080.5	1 606.1
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.8	103.4	0.19	48.7	326.6	277.9
	CHZ1307-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	241.6	510.8	269.2
	CHZ1307-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	341.0	2 978.1	2 637.1
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.11	710.3	5 133.3	4 423.0
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.6	103.2	0.14	61.6	641.2	579.5
	MBL1908-2-1-1	辉石	1 284.1	1 387.1	103.0	0.05	895.5	3 521.8	2 626.3
	MBL1908-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.8	103.1	0.09	1 434.9	25 828.6	24 393.7
	MBL1908-2-2-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.5	103.1	0.10	1 653.4	3 290.2	1 636.8
	MBL1908-2-2-3	辉石	1 283.6	1 386.8	103.2	0.13	1 334.1	17 619.3	16 285.1
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.4	103.6	0.28	1156.7	31 103.7	29 947.0
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	25.9	445.1	419.2
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.7	103.5	0.23	103.9	2 293.6	2 189.7
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	141.1	1 637.3	1 496.2
	YBCK1302-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.11	743.6	5 605.6	4 862.0
	YBCK1302-3-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	107.0	736.9	629.9
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	360.3	4 481.7	4 121.4
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.1	1 386.6	103.5	0.21	111.5	2 279.3	2 167.9
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.23	147.5	3 851.5	3 704.0
	YBCK1313-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.5	0.23	53.9	3 112.0	3 058.2
	YBCK1313-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.24	11.5	404.1	392.6
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.6	103.6	0.27	27.8	587.1	559.3
	EJU1303-1-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	17.2	241.1	223.8
	EJU1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.22	33.5	1 031.8	998.3
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.09	2 080.1	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-2-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.3	103.0	0.02	312.0	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-3-1	辉石	1 283.8	1 386.8	103.1	0.06	426.5	864.1	437.6
	YLS30-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.3	0.17	181.0	0.0	0.0

火山岩区	样品编号	斑晶	ν^-/(cm^-1)	ν⁺/(cm^-1)	Δx/ (cm^-1)	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_MI/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	45.9	240.6	194.7
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	28.3	207.6	179.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-3	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.20	9.2	88.5	79.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-4	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.6	103.3	0.17	4.1	47.5	43.5
	CHZ1303-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.5	1 386.2	103.7	0.30	930.1	1 284.1	354.0
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	97.9	647.3	549.4
	CHZ1301-1-1-2	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.3	103.4	0.19	118.7	216.1	97.4
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.12	12 361.2	50 637.6	38 276.4
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.19	474.4	2 080.5	1 606.1
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.8	103.4	0.19	48.7	326.6	277.9
	CHZ1307-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	241.6	510.8	269.2
	CHZ1307-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	341.0	2 978.1	2 637.1
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.11	710.3	5 133.3	4 423.0
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.6	103.2	0.14	61.6	641.2	579.5
	MBL1908-2-1-1	辉石	1 284.1	1 387.1	103.0	0.05	895.5	3 521.8	2 626.3
	MBL1908-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.8	103.1	0.09	1 434.9	25 828.6	24 393.7
	MBL1908-2-2-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.5	103.1	0.10	1 653.4	3 290.2	1 636.8
	MBL1908-2-2-3	辉石	1 283.6	1 386.8	103.2	0.13	1 334.1	17 619.3	16 285.1
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.4	103.6	0.28	1156.7	31 103.7	29 947.0
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	25.9	445.1	419.2
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.7	103.5	0.23	103.9	2 293.6	2 189.7
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	141.1	1 637.3	1 496.2
	YBCK1302-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.11	743.6	5 605.6	4 862.0
	YBCK1302-3-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	107.0	736.9	629.9
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	360.3	4 481.7	4 121.4
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.1	1 386.6	103.5	0.21	111.5	2 279.3	2 167.9
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.23	147.5	3 851.5	3 704.0
	YBCK1313-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.5	0.23	53.9	3 112.0	3 058.2
	YBCK1313-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.24	11.5	404.1	392.6
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.6	103.6	0.27	27.8	587.1	559.3
	EJU1303-1-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	17.2	241.1	223.8
	EJU1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.22	33.5	1 031.8	998.3
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.09	2 080.1	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-2-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.3	103.0	0.02	312.0	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-3-1	辉石	1 283.8	1 386.8	103.1	0.06	426.5	864.1	437.6
	YLS30-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.3	0.17	181.0	0.0	0.0

火山岩区	样品编号	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)^*	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)	w(CO₂)/ 10^-6	w(CO₂)/ %
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	0.24	45.9	194.7	20 432.6	2.04
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	0.21	28.3	179.3	12 188.0	1.22
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	0.21	97.9	549.4	13 780.6	1.38
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	0.12	12 361.2	38 276.4	14 058.3	1.41
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	0.19	474.4	1 606.1	19 767.6	1.98
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	0.19	48.7	277.9	11 841.0	1.18
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	0.11	710.3	4 423.0	6 474.3	0.65
平均值						1.41
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	0.14	61.6	579.5	5 544.3	0.55
	MBL1908-2-2-1	0.09	1 434.9	24 393.7	2 028.4	0.20
	MBL1908-2-2-3	0.13	1 334.1	16 285.1	3 953.4	0.40
平均值						0.38
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	0.28	1 156.7	29 947.0	3 886.4	0.39
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	0.22	25.9	419.2	4 965.7	0.50
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	0.23	103.9	2 189.7	3 905.7	0.39
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	0.18	141.1	1 496.2	6 349.3	0.63
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	0.21	360.3	4 121.4	6 622.5	0.66
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	0.21	111.5	2 167.9	4 031.8	0.40
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	0.23	147.5	3 704.0	3 399.8	0.34
平均值						0.47
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	0.27	27.8	559.3	4 819.1	0.48
	EJU1303-1-2-1	0.21	17.2	223.8	5 789.2	0.58
	EJU1303-2-1-1	0.22	33.5	998.3	2 674.7	0.27
平均值						0.44
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-3-1	0.06	426.5	437.6	21 959.7	2.20

火山岩区	样品编号	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)^*	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)	w(CO₂)/ 10^-6	w(CO₂)/ %
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	0.24	45.9	194.7	20 432.6	2.04
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	0.21	28.3	179.3	12 188.0	1.22
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	0.21	97.9	549.4	13 780.6	1.38
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	0.12	12 361.2	38 276.4	14 058.3	1.41
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	0.19	474.4	1 606.1	19 767.6	1.98
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	0.19	48.7	277.9	11 841.0	1.18
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	0.11	710.3	4 423.0	6 474.3	0.65
平均值						1.41
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	0.14	61.6	579.5	5 544.3	0.55
	MBL1908-2-2-1	0.09	1 434.9	24 393.7	2 028.4	0.20
	MBL1908-2-2-3	0.13	1 334.1	16 285.1	3 953.4	0.40
平均值						0.38
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	0.28	1 156.7	29 947.0	3 886.4	0.39
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	0.22	25.9	419.2	4 965.7	0.50
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	0.23	103.9	2 189.7	3 905.7	0.39
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	0.18	141.1	1 496.2	6 349.3	0.63
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	0.21	360.3	4 121.4	6 622.5	0.66
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	0.21	111.5	2 167.9	4 031.8	0.40
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	0.23	147.5	3 704.0	3 399.8	0.34
平均值						0.47
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	0.27	27.8	559.3	4 819.1	0.48
	EJU1303-1-2-1	0.21	17.2	223.8	5 789.2	0.58
	EJU1303-2-1-1	0.22	33.5	998.3	2 674.7	0.27
平均值						0.44
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-3-1	0.06	426.5	437.6	21 959.7	2.20

所属地块	火山岩区	纬度 °N	经度 °E	面积/ km²	厚度/ m	体积/ km³	年龄/ Ma	火山岩类型	数据来源
拉萨地块	狮泉河	32.5	80.2	>20	n.d.	n.d.	24.0~21.2	富钾	[36]
	查加寺	32.05	81.26	>100	n.d.	n.d.	24.0~23.9	富钾	[37]
	革吉	32.2	81.25	200	>2 000	400	25.4~23.3	富钾	[38]
	米巴勒^*	30.8	86.6	20	883	17.66	24.0~21.2	富钾	-
	孔隆乡	30.1	86	81	n.d.	n.d.	21.4~21.3	富钾	[39]
	雄巴	32	81.9	>600	190~310	120	24.1~18.1	富钾	[40]
	学那	31.5	82.35	<1	n.d.	n.d.	18.5~15.5	富钾	[41]
	赛利普^*	31.35	82.75	188	1~100	9.4	18.5~15.5	富钾	-
	布嘎寺^*	31.5	84.4	>400	>300	120	16.2~15.6	富钾	-
	麦嘎	30.82	84.43	1	100	0.1	17.4~16.1	富钾	[42]
	文部	31.1	86.5	<1	n.d.	n.d.	22.9~17.8	富钾	[43]
	亚仟	30.97	86.44	48	n.d.	n.d.	14.2~13.4	富钾	[42]
	仪仟	30.75	86.7	10	n.d.	n.d.	13.5~11.2	富钾	[42]
	查孜^*	30	86.5	300	517~883	150	13.3~8.2	富钾	-
	Pabbai Zong	29.32	87	<1	n.d.	n.d.	18.3~13.3	富钾	[44]
	南木林	29.4	89.4	>10	n.d.	n.d.	15.3~10.9	富钾	[45]
	麻江	29.7	89.9	0.04	>80	0.003 2	15.8~10.1	富钾	[27]
	羊应	29.6	90.3	10	800	8	11.4~10.3	富钾	[46]
羌塘地块	松西	34.41	80.28	n.d.	674	n.d.	36.7~32.7	富钠	[47]
	走沟茶错	33.12	85.11	120	n.d.	n.d.	34.8~30.5	富钠	[24]
	那丁错	32.61	85.4	700	n.d.	n.d.	36.2~34.2	富钠	[48]
	依布茶卡	32.98	86.65	3	>20	0.06	30.4~27.3	富钠	[49]
	俄久买马^*	32.22	86.81	15	>300	4.5	34.3~34.2	富钠	-
	峰火山	34.97	92.6	10	70	0.7	27.8~27.5	富钾	[50]
	类乌齐	31.38	96.54	0.4	2	0.000 8	30.54	富钾	[51]
	鱼鳞山	33.85	83.37	150	>65	9.75	29.3~27.8	富钾	[52]
	戈木错	33.99	85.5	40	200	8	30.6~29.8	富钠	[53]
	巴毛琼宗	34.77	87.18	300	50~300	15	33.9~24.4	富钠	[54]