Preliminary study on hydrothermal CO2 flux from active fault zones in southern Tibet: Constraints from travertine geochronology and geochemistry

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.3.68

Abstract

Abstract:

Active tectonics in southern Tibetan Plateau create favorable pathways for the formation and release of deeply-sourced CO₂-rich fluids, making it a globally significant carbon source at present. However, in the case of southern Tibetan Plateau, estimating the deep carbon outgassing flux for tectonic degassing in the geological past remains challenging but is crucial for reconstructing the geological carbon cycle that operates in the India-Asia continental collision zone. Here, we report, for the first time to our knowledge, the hydrothermal CO₂ fluxes during the Quaternary period for representative active faults in southern Tibetan Plateau based on an integrated dataset of U-Th ages, mineralogical, elemental, and C-O isotopic compositions of travertine deposits. The U-series dating results show that the travertines were formed during the Middle Pleistocene to Holocene periods (267.3-1.8 kyr B.P.), with the deposition rates ranging approximately from 0.02 to 1.49 mm·yr^-1. These Quaternary travertines, primarily composed of calcite with rare samples exhibiting mixed calcite and aragonite in mineral assemblage, have an average CaCO₃ content of 94.2 wt.%. Carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ¹³C_V-PDB=-3.1‰ to +8.6‰; δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW=-0.5‰ to +15.0‰) suggest a thermogenic origin influenced by varying degrees of CO₂ degassing, spring boiling, and evaporation, with deep metamorphic CO₂ being the primary carbon source of the travertines. Based on the volume, porosity, CaCO₃ content, and deposition ages of the travertines, the CO₂ outgassing fluxes accompanied with travertine deposition are estimated to be in the magnitude of 10⁴ to 10⁶ mol·km^-2·yr^-1 for the study areas, comparable to some travertine deposits in tectonically active regions of the central and western Italy. Our results provide new insights into the deposition ages, genesis, and CO₂ outgassing fluxes of Quaternary travertines in southern Tibetan Plateau and would contribute to our understanding of geological carbon cycle in the India-Asia continental collision zone.

Key words: travertine, U-Th dating, carbonate geochemistry, deep carbon release, southern Tibetan Plateau

CLC Number:

CAO Chenxi, ZHANG Maoliang, WANG Lisheng, WANG Xuefeng, DUAN Wuhui, XU Sheng. Preliminary study on hydrothermal CO₂ flux from active fault zones in southern Tibet: Constraints from travertine geochronology and geochemistry[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(3): 334-349.

Figures/Tables 12

References 76

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采样点	温泉编号	断裂带	所属地块	经度/ (°E)	纬度/ (°N)	海拔/m	剖面厚度/cm	出露面积/ m²
贡巴萨巴温泉	GBSB	定日裂谷	喜马拉雅	86.554 4	28.496 5	4 584	458	1.6×10⁵
琼甲利众温泉	QJLZ	吉隆裂谷	喜马拉雅	85.335 2	28.903 5	4 279	142	3.0×10⁴
嘎琼温泉	GQ	仲巴裂谷	拉萨	84.800 5	29.907 6	5 107	246	2.5×10⁵
布多温泉	BD	仲巴裂谷	拉萨	84.405 2	30.403 3	4 868	300	4.0×10⁴
热绒温泉	RR	仲巴裂谷	拉萨	84.435 1	30.709 9	4 749	246	1.0×10⁶
通道温泉	TD	嘉黎断裂	拉萨	93.545 3	30.831 9	4 572	330	5.0×10⁴

采样点	温泉编号	断裂带	所属地块	经度/ (°E)	纬度/ (°N)	海拔/m	剖面厚度/cm	出露面积/ m²
贡巴萨巴温泉	GBSB	定日裂谷	喜马拉雅	86.554 4	28.496 5	4 584	458	1.6×10⁵
琼甲利众温泉	QJLZ	吉隆裂谷	喜马拉雅	85.335 2	28.903 5	4 279	142	3.0×10⁴
嘎琼温泉	GQ	仲巴裂谷	拉萨	84.800 5	29.907 6	5 107	246	2.5×10⁵
布多温泉	BD	仲巴裂谷	拉萨	84.405 2	30.403 3	4 868	300	4.0×10⁴
热绒温泉	RR	仲巴裂谷	拉萨	84.435 1	30.709 9	4 749	246	1.0×10⁶
通道温泉	TD	嘉黎断裂	拉萨	93.545 3	30.831 9	4 572	330	5.0×10⁴

样品编号	w_B/%								δ¹³C_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/ ‰
样品编号	Ca	Al	Fe	K	Na	Mg	Mn	Si	δ¹³C_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/ ‰
GBSB-cal	38.32	0.021	0.041	0.003	0.022	0.192	0.03	0.003	5.8	-22.3	7.9
GBSB 0 cm	39.41	0.04	0.13	0.014	0.028	0.338	0.04	0.025	4.1	-25.9	4.2
GBSB 8 cm	39.75	0.03	0.135	0.006	0.015	0.267	0.041	0.012	4.5	-24.5	5.7
GBSB 22 cm	37.25	0.07	0.147	0.016	0.029	0.231	0.031	0.045	5.1	-22.3	7.9
GBSB 45 cm	40.43	0.032	0.15	0.006	0.016	0.262	0.043	0.01	4.6	-24.7	5.5
GBSB 97 cm	38.22	0.027	0.031	0.005	0.019	0.201	0.05	0.008	4.5	-25.2	4.9
GBSB 135 cm	38.86	0.019	0.051	0.004	0.014	0.197	0.038	0.004	4.8	-25.1	5.0
GBSB 200 cm	38.55	0.051	0.174	0.022	0.031	0.328	0.02	0.056	8.2	-17.5	12.9
GBSB 282 cm	38.09	0.036	0.033	0.006	0.018	0.255	0.044	0.022	4.9	-25.0	5.2
GBSB 350 cm	38.55	0.034	0.071	0.008	0.022	0.252	0.061	0.015	4.2	-26.9	3.2
GBSB 412 cm	38.15	0.017	0.057	0.005	0.017	0.254	0.031	0.012	5.2	-24.8	5.4
GBSB 458 cm	36.81	0.056	0.174	0.019	0.02	0.305	0.045	0.038	4.0	-24.9	5.3
QJLZ 0 cm	37.61	0.011	0.124	0.002	0.006	0.511	0.006	0.004	4.8	-21.5	8.7
QJLZ 18 cm	40.19	0.009	0.109	0.005	0.008	0.783	0.001	0.002	4.0	-23.2	7.0
QJLZ 31 cm	40.49	0.014	0.264	0.007	0.009	0.691	0.004	0.003	4.4	-22.0	8.2
QJLZ 62 cm	40.42	0.028	0.263	0.006	0.008	0.462	0.009	0.012	5.0	-20.9	9.3
QJLZ 142 cm	36.13	0.08	0.387	0.012	0.006	0.259	0.01	0.05	7.0	-17.0	13.4
GQ 0 cm	39.43	0.008	0.278	0.009	0.054	0.767	0.033	0.012	-1.7	-30.3	-0.3
GQ 67 cm	37.91	0.011	0.391	0.007	0.067	0.741	0.055	0.014	-1.5	-30.2	-0.3
GQ 97 cm	40.36	0.009	0.367	0.006	0.024	0.834	0.058	0.012	-1.6	-30.4	-0.5
GQ 121 cm	39.95	0.014	0.212	0.006	0.017	0.764	0.028	0.024	-1.1	-29.4	0.6
GQ 193 cm	37.69	0.008	0.869	0.004	0.026	0.6	0.144	0.007	-1.5	-29.9	0.1
GQ 246 cm	39.22	0.009	0.044	0.005	0.002	0.232	0.008	0.005	7.0	-25.3	4.8
BD 0 cm	38.35	0.054	0.574	0.004	0.066	0.057	0.112	0.001	-0.8	-21.3	9.0
BD 60 cm	40.4	0.038	1.184	0.006	0.04	0.215	0.154	0.012	-1.5	-20.3	10.0
BD 120 cm	37.68	0.052	1.321	0.006	0.056	0.189	0.195	0.001	-1.8	-21.3	9.0
BD 130 cm	34.59	0.024	0.323	0.018	0.111	0.277	0.045	0.021	0.3	-16.7	13.7
BD 180 cm	37.95	0.05	1.191	0.007	0.045	0.238	0.155	0.002	-1.7	-21.4	8.9
BD 240 cm	38.55	0.042	0.995	0.006	0.047	0.243	0.104	0.004	-1.8	-21.1	9.2
BD 300cm	31.28	0.057	1.296	0.005	0.057	0.207	0.161	0.003	-1.7	-20.7	9.6
RR 0 cm	36.26	0.011	0.021	0.005	0.044	0.439	0.524	0.006	-2.8	-25.3	4.9
RR 40 cm	34.67	0.012	0.022	0.006	0.059	0.448	0.532	0.009	-3.1	-25.6	4.5
RR 80 cm	37.68	0.011	0.019	0.006	0.038	0.473	0.448	0.018	-2.7	-25.0	5.2
RR 120 cm	38.02	0.01	0.02	0.005	0.036	0.45	0.563	0.004	-3.0	-25.5	4.7
RR 160 cm	37.41	0.009	0.048	0.003	0.034	0.523	0.461	0.014	-2.8	-24.7	5.5
RR 200 cm	36.77	0.029	0.043	0.027	0.08	0.592	0.423	0.022	-2.5	-24.1	6.1
RR 246 cm	37.01	0.019	0.02	0.007	0.06	0.43	0.151	0.013	-1.6	-21.1	9.2
TD 0 cm	25.72	0.324	0.828	0.105	0.064	0.588	0.046	0.172	8.6	-15.4	15.0
TD 60 cm	38.74	0.007	0.027	0.006	0.026	0.253	0.02	0.004	7.5	-17.7	12.6
TD 120 cm	36.41	0.016	0.389	0.005	0.029	0.353	0.076	0.039	8.5	-17.2	13.2
TD 180 cm	36.2	0.019	0.511	0.007	0.021	0.323	0.095	0.068	7.3	-17.1	13.3
TD 240 cm	38.86	0.013	0.359	0.004	0.019	0.289	0.084	0.031	6.4	-17.4	12.9
TD 300 cm	37.5	0.024	0.262	0.005	0.02	0.274	0.077	0.017	7.0	-17.2	13.2
TD 330 cm	37.88	0.018	0.595	0.006	0.022	0.325	0.097	0.029	6.5	-17.7	12.7

样品编号	w_B/%								δ¹³C_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/ ‰
样品编号	Ca	Al	Fe	K	Na	Mg	Mn	Si	δ¹³C_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-PDB/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/ ‰
GBSB-cal	38.32	0.021	0.041	0.003	0.022	0.192	0.03	0.003	5.8	-22.3	7.9
GBSB 0 cm	39.41	0.04	0.13	0.014	0.028	0.338	0.04	0.025	4.1	-25.9	4.2
GBSB 8 cm	39.75	0.03	0.135	0.006	0.015	0.267	0.041	0.012	4.5	-24.5	5.7
GBSB 22 cm	37.25	0.07	0.147	0.016	0.029	0.231	0.031	0.045	5.1	-22.3	7.9
GBSB 45 cm	40.43	0.032	0.15	0.006	0.016	0.262	0.043	0.01	4.6	-24.7	5.5
GBSB 97 cm	38.22	0.027	0.031	0.005	0.019	0.201	0.05	0.008	4.5	-25.2	4.9
GBSB 135 cm	38.86	0.019	0.051	0.004	0.014	0.197	0.038	0.004	4.8	-25.1	5.0
GBSB 200 cm	38.55	0.051	0.174	0.022	0.031	0.328	0.02	0.056	8.2	-17.5	12.9
GBSB 282 cm	38.09	0.036	0.033	0.006	0.018	0.255	0.044	0.022	4.9	-25.0	5.2
GBSB 350 cm	38.55	0.034	0.071	0.008	0.022	0.252	0.061	0.015	4.2	-26.9	3.2
GBSB 412 cm	38.15	0.017	0.057	0.005	0.017	0.254	0.031	0.012	5.2	-24.8	5.4
GBSB 458 cm	36.81	0.056	0.174	0.019	0.02	0.305	0.045	0.038	4.0	-24.9	5.3
QJLZ 0 cm	37.61	0.011	0.124	0.002	0.006	0.511	0.006	0.004	4.8	-21.5	8.7
QJLZ 18 cm	40.19	0.009	0.109	0.005	0.008	0.783	0.001	0.002	4.0	-23.2	7.0
QJLZ 31 cm	40.49	0.014	0.264	0.007	0.009	0.691	0.004	0.003	4.4	-22.0	8.2
QJLZ 62 cm	40.42	0.028	0.263	0.006	0.008	0.462	0.009	0.012	5.0	-20.9	9.3
QJLZ 142 cm	36.13	0.08	0.387	0.012	0.006	0.259	0.01	0.05	7.0	-17.0	13.4
GQ 0 cm	39.43	0.008	0.278	0.009	0.054	0.767	0.033	0.012	-1.7	-30.3	-0.3
GQ 67 cm	37.91	0.011	0.391	0.007	0.067	0.741	0.055	0.014	-1.5	-30.2	-0.3
GQ 97 cm	40.36	0.009	0.367	0.006	0.024	0.834	0.058	0.012	-1.6	-30.4	-0.5
GQ 121 cm	39.95	0.014	0.212	0.006	0.017	0.764	0.028	0.024	-1.1	-29.4	0.6
GQ 193 cm	37.69	0.008	0.869	0.004	0.026	0.6	0.144	0.007	-1.5	-29.9	0.1
GQ 246 cm	39.22	0.009	0.044	0.005	0.002	0.232	0.008	0.005	7.0	-25.3	4.8
BD 0 cm	38.35	0.054	0.574	0.004	0.066	0.057	0.112	0.001	-0.8	-21.3	9.0
BD 60 cm	40.4	0.038	1.184	0.006	0.04	0.215	0.154	0.012	-1.5	-20.3	10.0
BD 120 cm	37.68	0.052	1.321	0.006	0.056	0.189	0.195	0.001	-1.8	-21.3	9.0
BD 130 cm	34.59	0.024	0.323	0.018	0.111	0.277	0.045	0.021	0.3	-16.7	13.7
BD 180 cm	37.95	0.05	1.191	0.007	0.045	0.238	0.155	0.002	-1.7	-21.4	8.9
BD 240 cm	38.55	0.042	0.995	0.006	0.047	0.243	0.104	0.004	-1.8	-21.1	9.2
BD 300cm	31.28	0.057	1.296	0.005	0.057	0.207	0.161	0.003	-1.7	-20.7	9.6
RR 0 cm	36.26	0.011	0.021	0.005	0.044	0.439	0.524	0.006	-2.8	-25.3	4.9
RR 40 cm	34.67	0.012	0.022	0.006	0.059	0.448	0.532	0.009	-3.1	-25.6	4.5
RR 80 cm	37.68	0.011	0.019	0.006	0.038	0.473	0.448	0.018	-2.7	-25.0	5.2
RR 120 cm	38.02	0.01	0.02	0.005	0.036	0.45	0.563	0.004	-3.0	-25.5	4.7
RR 160 cm	37.41	0.009	0.048	0.003	0.034	0.523	0.461	0.014	-2.8	-24.7	5.5
RR 200 cm	36.77	0.029	0.043	0.027	0.08	0.592	0.423	0.022	-2.5	-24.1	6.1
RR 246 cm	37.01	0.019	0.02	0.007	0.06	0.43	0.151	0.013	-1.6	-21.1	9.2
TD 0 cm	25.72	0.324	0.828	0.105	0.064	0.588	0.046	0.172	8.6	-15.4	15.0
TD 60 cm	38.74	0.007	0.027	0.006	0.026	0.253	0.02	0.004	7.5	-17.7	12.6
TD 120 cm	36.41	0.016	0.389	0.005	0.029	0.353	0.076	0.039	8.5	-17.2	13.2
TD 180 cm	36.2	0.019	0.511	0.007	0.021	0.323	0.095	0.068	7.3	-17.1	13.3
TD 240 cm	38.86	0.013	0.359	0.004	0.019	0.289	0.084	0.031	6.4	-17.4	12.9
TD 300 cm	37.5	0.024	0.262	0.005	0.02	0.274	0.077	0.017	7.0	-17.2	13.2
TD 330 cm	37.88	0.018	0.595	0.006	0.022	0.325	0.097	0.029	6.5	-17.7	12.7

Preliminary study on hydrothermal CO₂ flux from active fault zones in southern Tibet: Constraints from travertine geochronology and geochemistry

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