Tectonic evolution and Cenozoic deformation history of the Qilian orogen

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.12.20

Abstract

Abstract:

The Qilian orogen—formed along the northern margin of the eastern Tethys as results of pre-Cenozoic multi-phase subduction, continental collision and punctuated orogeny involving the North China craton and the Qaidam paleocontinent—develops widespread ophiolitic mélange belts and (ultra-) high pressure metamorphic and arc igneous rocks. The present Qilian Mountains, a key tectonic zone undergoing plateau uplift/expansion along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, with complex intracontinental deformation and deep structures, records the histories of tectonic deformation and basin-mountain evolution during different stages of plateau growth in the Cenozoic. This paper, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of regional geological data, discusses the nature of Proterozoic metamorphic basement, paleo-oceanic evolution during the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic, and Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural deformation, and explores the tectonic evolution of the Qilian orogen and the intracontinental deformation history of the Qilian Mountains. The Early-Neoproterozoic and Early-Paleozoic arcs represent respectively subduction-collision events took place in the Paleo-Qilian and (South/North) Qilian oceans. Basement structure beneath the North China craton suggests that the Qilian ocean is not the ocean separating the Gondwana and Laurasia continents, but rather a relatively small embayed sea along the southern margin of the Laurasia continent. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau experienced two-stage tectonic deformation and basin-mountain evolution in the Cenozoic, while transition from Early-Cenozoic thrust activity to joint action of strike-slip/thrust faults occurred in the Miocene, where, with rapid uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Range, a large Paleogene basin split into two basins—the current Qaidam Basin and the Hoh Xil Basin. Since the Middle-Late Miocene the tectonic framework along the margin has been mainly controlled by the development and clockwise rotation/lateral growth of two large near-parallel transpressional tectonic systems, of Eastern Kunlun and Haiyuan. The growth process and development mechanism of the large-scale strike-slip fault system in the Qilian orogen is a central issue of research on intracontinental deformation and requires in-depth quantitative examination.

Key words: Tibetan Plateau, Qilian orogen, tectonic evolution, structural deformation, plateau growth, basin-mountain evolution

CLC Number:

P548

WU Chen, CHEN Xuanhua, DING Lin. Tectonic evolution and Cenozoic deformation history of the Qilian orogen[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 262-281.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 (a) Tectonic map of the Tethyan orogenic system (modified after [21]), and (b) end-member models for subduction of the North Qilian ocean

Fig.2 Sketch map of the Qilian orogen and adjacent areas, showing the regional fault system, magmatism and tectonic division. Modified after [28].

Fig.3 Structural geological explanation of magnetotelluric sounding profile in the Qilian orogen. Modified after [28].

Fig.4 Lithostratigraphy of the North Qilian orogen, Central Qilian block, and South Qilian orogen of northern Tibet. Modified after [36].

Fig.5 A tectonic evolution model for the Qilian orogen

Fig.6 Tectonic thermochronological data and faults in the northern Tibetan Plateau. (a) In the Eocene-Oligocene; (b) since the Miocene. Modified after [131,152].

Fig.7 Two-stage basin-mountain evolution model for the northern Tibetan Plateau. Modified after [57,131,134,152].

Fig.8 (a) Structural model for the Eastern Kunlun transpressional system (modified after [57]), and (b) intracontinental growth model for a large-scale strike-slip fault system

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