Early Cenozoic rotation feature in the northern Qaidam marginal thrust belt and its tectonic implications

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.3.31

Abstract

Abstract:

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) is the frontal region of the northeastward propagation of the Tibetan Plateau with intensive deformation during the Cenozoic. It is one of the key regions to study the uplift and deformation processes and decipher the growth pattern of the Tibetan Plateau. However, controversies still exist regarding the time of NETP involvement with the India-Eurasia convergent deformational system, the kinematic and geodynamic processes as well as the growth mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau. Continental collision and continuous indentation are generally accompanied by vertical-axis rotation (VAR) of blocks and their internal structures. Paleomagnetic declination has its unique advantage to quantitative determination of block rotation about a vertical axis. However, the lack of Early Cenozoic paleomagnetic rotation records in NETP, especially in the Qaidam Basin, limited our understanding of the rotation patterns in NETP as well as the far-field effect of India-Eurasia collision since the Early Cenozoic. The northern Qaidam Basin contains well exposed near successive Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations and is an ideal place to study Early Cenozoic VARs of NETP. Here, we conducted detailed paleomagnetic rotation study on the Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations at the Tuonan and Gaoquan localities in the northern-middle part of the northern Qaidam Basin. In total, 260 drill cores from 24 sites within 4 time-intervals from Tuonan, and 150 drill cores from 14 sites within 2 time-intervals from Gaoquan were collected. Detailed rock magnetic and thermal demagnetization experiments indicated that hematite is the dominant while magnetite the subordinate magnetic carriers. The obtained total of 31 site-mean characteristic remanent magnetization directions were validated by both fold and reversal tests, indicating they were likely primary magnetization directions. The obtained paleomagnetic results, together with results from the Hongliugou locality in the mid-northern Qaidam Basin, revealed a remarkable (~20°) counterclockwise rotation of the northern Qaidam Basin during ~45-35 Ma, which appeared to be a conjugate rotation to the significant clockwise rotation of the contemporary Longzhong Basin. Taking into account the Early Cenozoic (~52-46 Ma) rotations and Oligocene-initiated strike-slip faulting around eastern Tibetan Plateau, we believe that 1) conjugate rotations occur no later than the mid-Eocene (~45 Ma) in NETP and are the far-field effects of the India-Eurasia collision. 2) The Early Cenozoic conjugate rotation deformation from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) to NETP are mostly related to a dextral, sinistral shear generated by NNE indentation of EHS into Eurasia. The compressional shear and related crustal shortening and VAR exhibit a stepwise NNE propagation from EHS to NETP during the Eocene. 3) Tectonic deformation in the Tibetan Plateau is likely mainly accommodated via NS compression and crustal-thickening in the Paleocene-Eocene, while lateral-extrusion along major faults is likely since the Oligocene.

Key words: Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, paleomagnetic rotations, Early Cenozoic, northern Qaidam marginal thrust belt, eastern Himalayan syntaxis

CLC Number:

P318.4
P542

LI Bingshuai, YAN Maodu, ZHANG Weilin. Early Cenozoic rotation feature in the northern Qaidam marginal thrust belt and its tectonic implications[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 249-264.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Geological sketch of the study area and its adjacent regions

Fig.2 Outcrops of the Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations in the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

Fig.3 Rock magnetic results of representative samples from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

Fig.4 Orthogonal demagnetization diagrams of representative samples from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections (in situ)

Fig.5 Stereo-plots of low-temperature and high-temperature components from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

Fig.6 Stereo-plots of high-temperature components of each time interval from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

Table 1 Early Cenozoic paleomagnetic results and relative rotations compared to expected directions calculated from stable Eurasia reference poles at the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

时间节点	年代/ Ma	误差	采样点位置		n/N	D_g	I_g	D_s	I_s	k	α₉₅	参考极位置			旋转量/(°)
时间节点	年代/ Ma	误差	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	n/N	D_g	I_g	D_s	I_s	k	α₉₅	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	A₉₅	旋转量/(°)
驼南地区
d	38.0	2.0	38.494 4	93.919 0	6/6	196.6	-9.4	200.1	-31.6	24.1	13.9	81.3	162.4	3.3	9.3±13.6
c	42.0	2.0	38.500 2	93.916 7	6/6	14.0	24.7	16.9	38.0	21.9	14.6	81.3	162.4	3.3	6.1±15.3
b	45.0	1.0	38.504 3	93.917 7	6/6	186.5	8.5	187.6	-35.3	32.6	11.9	80.9	162.4	3.4	-3.7±12.3
a	47.0	1.0	38.511 0	93.834 9	5/6	174.6	-35.7	177.6	-41.3	70.9	9.2	80.9	162.4	3.4	-13.7±12.3
平均方向					23/24	188.9	-14.6	191.3	-36.7	26.1	6.0	81.3	162.4	3.3	0.5±6.9
高泉地区
b	37.0	4.0	38.400 7	94.272 3	5/6	191.1	18.4	202.7	-36.5	34.3	7.5	81.3	162.4	3.3	12.0±8.3
a	48.0	4.0	38.403 3	94.280 2	3/9	181.4	44.2	184.8	-29.4	208.2	8.6	80.9	162.4	3.4	-6.5±8.7
平均方向					8/14	189.3	48.5	193.1	-30.8	48.2	8.1	81.3	162.4	3.3	2.4±8.3

Fig.7 Early Cenozoic paleomagnetic rotations of the Tuonan, Gaoquan and Hongliugou sections in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin

Fig.8 Two-stage evolution of the Cenozoic deformation of the Tibetan Plateau

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