The weathering evolution during the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in the surrounding regions of the Tibetan Plateau and its response to global and regional climate changes

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.3.23

Abstract

Abstract:

The Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT) represents one of the most significant global cooling events of the Cenozoic era, marking a key shift in the Earth’s climate system from a “greenhouse” to an “icehouse” mode. While deep-sea sediment records consistently document this cooling event, numerous terrestrial records reveal significant spatial variability in climate responses across different regions, highlighting the importance of the interaction between global climate background and regional environments. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has significantly influenced global continental weathering patterns and is closely linked to Cenozoic global climate changes. Therefore, the evolution of continental weathering around the plateau provides an excellent indicator of both global and regional climate changes. This paper summarizes the weathering evolution records from the margins of the Tibetan Plateau during the Late Eocene to Oligocene, combining our weathering history from the Lühe Basin (35.5-25.5 Ma) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, to explore the commonalities and differences in weathering evolution during this period. The results show that in most regions of the northern Tibetan Plateau, weathering intensity decreased from the Late Eocene, coupled with cooling and aridification processes, while at the southeastern margin exhibited multi-stage temperature fluctuations and a sustained humid climate. This regional difference is mainly driven by the combined effects of global cooling, tectonic uplift, and the evolution of the monsoon system. This study provides crucial insights into the weathering patterns and driving mechanisms of different regions of the Tibetan Plateau during the EOT.

Key words: paleoclimate, Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), Tibetan Plateau, global driving factors, regional factors

CLC Number:

P534.61
P532

CUI Hao, WEI Gangjian. The weathering evolution during the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in the surrounding regions of the Tibetan Plateau and its response to global and regional climate changes[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(3): 274-287.

Figures/Tables 5

References 116

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年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	全岩矿物质量分数/%
年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	石英	斜长石	钾长石	高岭石	云母	蒙脱石	绿泥石	白云石	方解石	方石英	菱铁矿	赤铁矿
—	0.0	10.3	10.1	46.8	12.7	10.3	5.6	—	—	—	4.2	—	—
—	7.0	6.3	0.2	29.6	3.2	12.5	42.5	—	—	—	5.7	—	—
34.935 09	22.5	32.0	10.3	19.2	11.3	17.4	9.7	—	—	—	—	—	0.1
34.923 18	23.0	23.8	—	13.2	10.2	13.5	—	—	37.6	—	—	1.7	—
34.899 36	24.5	21.7	4.0	29.3	19.2	19.2	6.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.792 15	28.5	16.7	—	9.7	11.8	17.8	—	—	40.6	—	—	—	3.4
34.637 30	35.0	26.2	6.9	20.9	17.8	22.6	5.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.577 74	37.5	34.0	7.5	13.5	14.9	23.1	—	3.7	—	—	—	3.9	—
34.345 29	47.5	27.8	8.1	14.7	18.0	15.7	15.7	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.781 10	71.0	21.3	4.1	27.7	10.3	9.4	27.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.535 64	81.0	21.9	12.1	24.4	7.9	18.0	13.5	—	—	—	2.2	—	—
33.196 27	95.0	38.5	18.8	11.1	6.6	13.9	11.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.874 65	108.5	32.7	7.1	11.4	12.0	17.9	18.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.838 91	110.0	30.5	12.2	13.5	7.0	15.9	19.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.695 97	116.0	39.6	13.8	15.5	9.4	15.4	6.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.124 94	139.0	5.3	5.3	7.7	1.7	4.8	33.4	—	35.7	6.1	—	—	—
31.654 30	158.5	26.0	6.9	21.6	11.5	16.7	17.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
31.024 86	187.0	15.1	5.0	15.9	5.1	12.6	46.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
30.886 00	193.0	22.4	8.4	16.9	12.4	15.6	18.2	—	—	—	1.4	4.3	0.4
30.032 23	219.5	28.3	5.7	17.8	10.8	22.3	13.5	—	—	—	1.6		—
29.497 44	243.5	22.7	9.6	23.5	6.6	12.8	12.9	—	—	—	2.5	9.4	—
29.106 47	260.0	27.0	5.4	11.8	13.9	21.0	19.1	—	—	—	1.8		—
28.160 48	299.0	23.4	10.8	13.8	17.1	18.1	13.7	—	—	—	—	3.1	—
27.766 42	317.0	46.8	5.6	11.1	8.9	10.7	16.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
27.208 73	339.5	29.7	8.7	15.4	12.0	20.4	13.8	—	—	—	—	—	—
26.587 60	361.0	30.1	8.0	11.7	11.9	19.7	16.6	—	—	—	1.5	—	0.5
26.049 62	381.5	34.7	9.4	10.5	9.4	19.4	14.6	—	—	—	1.8	—	0.2

年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	全岩矿物质量分数/%
年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	石英	斜长石	钾长石	高岭石	云母	蒙脱石	绿泥石	白云石	方解石	方石英	菱铁矿	赤铁矿
—	0.0	10.3	10.1	46.8	12.7	10.3	5.6	—	—	—	4.2	—	—
—	7.0	6.3	0.2	29.6	3.2	12.5	42.5	—	—	—	5.7	—	—
34.935 09	22.5	32.0	10.3	19.2	11.3	17.4	9.7	—	—	—	—	—	0.1
34.923 18	23.0	23.8	—	13.2	10.2	13.5	—	—	37.6	—	—	1.7	—
34.899 36	24.5	21.7	4.0	29.3	19.2	19.2	6.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.792 15	28.5	16.7	—	9.7	11.8	17.8	—	—	40.6	—	—	—	3.4
34.637 30	35.0	26.2	6.9	20.9	17.8	22.6	5.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.577 74	37.5	34.0	7.5	13.5	14.9	23.1	—	3.7	—	—	—	3.9	—
34.345 29	47.5	27.8	8.1	14.7	18.0	15.7	15.7	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.781 10	71.0	21.3	4.1	27.7	10.3	9.4	27.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.535 64	81.0	21.9	12.1	24.4	7.9	18.0	13.5	—	—	—	2.2	—	—
33.196 27	95.0	38.5	18.8	11.1	6.6	13.9	11.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.874 65	108.5	32.7	7.1	11.4	12.0	17.9	18.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.838 91	110.0	30.5	12.2	13.5	7.0	15.9	19.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.695 97	116.0	39.6	13.8	15.5	9.4	15.4	6.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.124 94	139.0	5.3	5.3	7.7	1.7	4.8	33.4	—	35.7	6.1	—	—	—
31.654 30	158.5	26.0	6.9	21.6	11.5	16.7	17.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
31.024 86	187.0	15.1	5.0	15.9	5.1	12.6	46.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
30.886 00	193.0	22.4	8.4	16.9	12.4	15.6	18.2	—	—	—	1.4	4.3	0.4
30.032 23	219.5	28.3	5.7	17.8	10.8	22.3	13.5	—	—	—	1.6		—
29.497 44	243.5	22.7	9.6	23.5	6.6	12.8	12.9	—	—	—	2.5	9.4	—
29.106 47	260.0	27.0	5.4	11.8	13.9	21.0	19.1	—	—	—	1.8		—
28.160 48	299.0	23.4	10.8	13.8	17.1	18.1	13.7	—	—	—	—	3.1	—
27.766 42	317.0	46.8	5.6	11.1	8.9	10.7	16.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
27.208 73	339.5	29.7	8.7	15.4	12.0	20.4	13.8	—	—	—	—	—	—
26.587 60	361.0	30.1	8.0	11.7	11.9	19.7	16.6	—	—	—	1.5	—	0.5
26.049 62	381.5	34.7	9.4	10.5	9.4	19.4	14.6	—	—	—	1.8	—	0.2

区域	地点	风化指标	年代范围	来源	其他古气候指标	来源
东北缘	兰州盆地	Na/Al,赤铁矿/针铁矿 CIA,K₂O/Al₂O₃	约35.25~31.20 Ma 约35.5~31.2 Ma	[56] [31]	沉积相	[57]
东北缘	西宁盆地	vogt残留指数	35~22 Ma	[58]	沉积相古植物孢粉	[59-60] [61]
北缘	柴达木盆地	黏土矿物特征	40.5~31.0 Ma	[62]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O	[63]
西北缘	准噶尔盆地	黏土矿物含量	35.8~33.3 Ma	[64]	古生物化石	[65⇓-67]
	塔里木盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[68-69]
	塔吉克盆地	WIP	28.39~30.19 Ma	[70]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O 沉积相	[70] [71]
中部	伦坡拉盆地	—	—	—	地貌学	[72]
东南缘	芒康盆地	—	—	—	古植物孢粉	[73-74]
	剑川盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[75]
	吕合盆地	CIA 黏土矿物含量	35.5~25.5 Ma 34.94~26.05 Ma	[37] 本研究	古植物孢粉	[83-84]

区域	地点	风化指标	年代范围	来源	其他古气候指标	来源
东北缘	兰州盆地	Na/Al,赤铁矿/针铁矿 CIA,K₂O/Al₂O₃	约35.25~31.20 Ma 约35.5~31.2 Ma	[56] [31]	沉积相	[57]
东北缘	西宁盆地	vogt残留指数	35~22 Ma	[58]	沉积相古植物孢粉	[59-60] [61]
北缘	柴达木盆地	黏土矿物特征	40.5~31.0 Ma	[62]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O	[63]
西北缘	准噶尔盆地	黏土矿物含量	35.8~33.3 Ma	[64]	古生物化石	[65⇓-67]
	塔里木盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[68-69]
	塔吉克盆地	WIP	28.39~30.19 Ma	[70]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O 沉积相	[70] [71]
中部	伦坡拉盆地	—	—	—	地貌学	[72]
东南缘	芒康盆地	—	—	—	古植物孢粉	[73-74]
	剑川盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[75]
	吕合盆地	CIA 黏土矿物含量	35.5~25.5 Ma 34.94~26.05 Ma	[37] 本研究	古植物孢粉	[83-84]