Carbon sequestration, transport, transfer, and degassing: Insights into the deep carbon cycle

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.12.51

Abstract

Abstract:

Carbon plays a fundamental role in subduction zones in melting enhancement, magma genesis and evolution, and petrological/thermodynamic processes in the deep Earth. The occurrence state of carbon in the deep Earth is controlled by temperature, depth (pressure), oxygen fugacity, and fluid property. When carbon of various occurrence states is transported to the deep Earth via subducting slab and then returns to the atmosphere through degassing, the so-called ‘deep carbon cycle’ is realized. Carbonation/decarbonation reactions are the main mechanisms affecting carbon transfer between the solid Earth, the atmosphere, and the oceans. Carbonation processes include silicate weathering, hydrothermal alteration, trench outer-rise serpentinization, organic carbon burial, and reverse weathering; while carbon transport is achieved by subduction of depositional and metasomatic sediments. Surface carbon, when transported to the Earth’s interior, may be retained within the subducting slab, transferred into the upper mantle wedge, or recycled into the deep Earth depending on the depth and redox state under specific tectonic settings; that carbon is then returned to the atmosphere via decarbonation mechanism through volcanic degassing, diffuse degassing in the forearc, dissolution, metamorphism, and melting to maintain a carbon balance at subduction zones. This systematic review summarizes the carbon occurrence states, carbon movements and change of carbon-bearing phases during carbon sequestration, transport, transfer, and degassing relevant to deep carbon cycling and the related carbon fluxes, analyzes the reasons for the inconsistencies in carbon-flux estimates, and discusses future research directions. Since the industrial revolution anthropogenic CO₂ emission has contributed greatly to global warming, exerting extra pressure on Earth as a self-regulating system. In the context of transition to a low-carbon economy, China adheres to energy conservation, carbon emission reduction, and forest growth, and aims to peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 to address the world climate crisis.

Key words: deep carbon cycle, carbonation, decarbonation, anthropogenic CO₂ emissions

CLC Number:

CHEN Xueqian, ZHANG Lifei. Carbon sequestration, transport, transfer, and degassing: Insights into the deep carbon cycle[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 313-339.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the deep carbon cycle in a subduction zone. Modified after [8].

Fig.2 Fraction of metal iron in the lower mantle versus carboncontent of the mantle. Modified after [17].

Fig.3 Major carbonation/decarbonation processes. Modified after [1].

Fig.4 Estimates of global carbon fluxes. Modified after [104].

Fig.5 Mechanism of carbonate precipitation in the mantle wedge. During the upward migration of C-H-O fluid (derived from the subducted slab), carbonate solubility decreases with decreasing fluid temperature, which leads to carbonate precipitation in the mantle wedge. Modified after [112].

Fig.6 Extent of carbon degassing as functions of sediment/fluid compositions. Modified after [104].

Fig.7 Carbonated eclogite (a) and marble (b) from southwestern Tianshan (after [122])

Fig.8 Contour diagram showing the solubility of carbon in aqueous carbonate fluid as functions of P and T (after [19])

Fig.9 P - T - a C O 2 diagram showing phase equilibria in siliceous dolomites (after [103])

Fig.10 Global map indicating the location of modern subduction and ancient sutures formed in the Phanerozoic and Proterozoic. Modified after [9].

Fig.11 Infiltration-driven decarbonation shown in a carbonate rock specimen (after [9])

Fig.12 1990—2021 trend in global annual CO2 release from fossil fuel combustion. Modified after Global Carbon Project 2021.

Fig.13 2011—2020 average annual anthropogenic CO2 release and carbon stock changes in carbon reservoirs. Modified after Global Carbon Project 2021.

Fig.14 Carbon fluxes from carbon sequestration, transport, transfer, and degassing

Table 1 Summary of estimates of global carbon fluxes from various geological processes involving in the deep carbon cycle

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