Distribution and co-enrichment genesis of arsenic, fluorine and iodine in groundwater of the oasis belt in the southern margin of Tarim Basin

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.33

Abstract

Abstract:

Owing to the scarcity of surface water resources, groundwater is an important water source in the oasis belt of the southern margin of Tarim Basin. Thus, it is very important to systematically identify the distribution and origin of arsenic, fluorine, and iodine in groundwater in this area. Based on the detection results of 233 groups of groundwater samples from the oasis belt of the southern margin of Tarim Basin, the spatial distribution and hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater with high arsenic, high fluorine, and high iodine in different aquifers were analyzed, and the hydrogeochemical processes that affected the source, migration, and enrichment of arsenic, fluorine, and iodine in groundwater were further revealed by combining the geological and hydrogeological conditions with the groundwater occurrence environment in the study area. The levels of arsenic, fluorine, and iodine in groundwater were found to vary from 1.0-91.2 μg/L, 0.01-28.31 mg/L, and 10.0-2 637.0 μg/L, respectively. Groundwater samples with high arsenic, high fluorine, and high iodine accounted for 7.3%, 47.2%, and 11.6% of the total water samples, respectively, and arsenic, fluorine, and iodine co-enrichment accounted for 3.0%. Arsenic, fluorine, and iodine co-enriched groundwater was found to be mainly distributed in Minfeng County in the middle of the study area, and the Cl·SO₄-Na type was identified as the main hydrochemical type. Groundwater fluorine and iodine levels significantly increased from the recharge zone to the transition zone and then to the evaporation zone. Further, arsenic levels were greater in both the transition and evaporation zones. The sampling points for arsenic, fluorine, and iodine co-enrichment in groundwater were mainly distributed in the shallow confined aquifer of 36-60 m. Shallow groundwater was affected by evaporation and mineral dissolution and precipitation, which increased with an increase in the arsenic, fluorine, and iodine enrichment terms. Quaternary aeolian deposit had a remarkable influence on fluorine content, while pluvial- lacustrine deposit had a great influence on arsenic and iodine content. Altogether, fine-grained lithology, gentle terrain, shallow burial conditions of groundwater, slightly alkaline groundwater environment, and mineral dissolution mediated by organic matter under microbial degradation were the main mechanisms conducive to arsenic, fluorine, and iodine co-enrichment.

Key words: arsenic, fluoride, iodine, co-enrichment, groundwater, the southern margin of Tarim Basin

CLC Number:

SUN Ying, ZHOU Jinlong, YANG Fangyuan, JI Yuanyuan, ZENG Yanyan. Distribution and co-enrichment genesis of arsenic, fluorine and iodine in groundwater of the oasis belt in the southern margin of Tarim Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(3): 99-114.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1 Distribution of groundwater sampling sites in the oasis belt in the southern margin of Tarim Basin

Fig.2 Hydrogeological profile in the study area

Table 1 Statistics of hydrogeological properties and hydrochemical composition of groundwater in the study area

区域	含水层类型 (井深,样品数)		ρ_B/(μg·L^-1)		ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)												Eh/mV		pH值
区域	含水层类型 (井深,样品数)		As	I	F^-	K⁺+Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^-	$SO 4 2 -$	$HCO 3 -$	TDS	TH	$NO 3 -$ -N	Fe	Mn	Eh/mV		pH值
补给区	单一结构潜水 (70300 m, n=20)	最大值	4.0	40.0	4.13	445.36	212.89	234.62	655.43	1 036.14	317.37	2 189.07	1 284.49	5.10	12.69	0.36		202.00	8.69
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.16	26.09	26.23	6.59	14.36	53.51	97.24	198.50	111.60	0.35	<0.01	<0.001		69.00	7.78
		均值	1.3	29.5	0.88	142.78	80.99	43.36	183.68	295.66	153.23	840.82	382.06	1.49	2.18	0.09		135.50	8.24
过渡区	单一结构潜水 (15180 m, n=63) 浅层承压水 (2580 m, n=23) 深层承压水 (90130 m, n=11)	最大值	91.2	734.0	28.31	14 160.41	385.20	760.45	14 348.64	9 889.67	3 954.03	41 282.73	3 381.10	42.15	20.52	4.11		255.00	9.51
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.24	28.35	20.06	6.30	25.13	19.00	36.62	209.40	119.60	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		18.00	6.86
		均值	3.9	48.1	2.05	688.87	108.28	81.35	773.62	688.12	377.72	2 565.35	597.96	3.60	1.09	0.13		156.85	7.96
		最大值	67.6	317.0	6.78	80 124.29	810.10	4 237.93	101 093.12	37 310.28	1 933.05	221 574.89	18 963.90	11.43	6.85	0.96		111.00	8.48
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	<0.01	74.82	21.72	24.90	90.83	124.30	69.89	388.90	156.60	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		-46.00	6.58
		均值	6.2	82.3	1.38	15 106.05	302.82	979.98	19 187.87	8 517.93	331.10	44 292.45	4 790.63	3.42	1.47	0.14		39.15	7.74
		最大值	5.0	40.0	1.83	423.21	172.15	190.40	553.35	1 050.71	353.99	2 591.80	1 213.70	5.80	0.14	<0.001		225.00	8.40
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.66	121.50	25.98	3.66	91.54	177.19	121.60	522.57	108.60	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		106.00	7.77
		均值	1.3	34.5	1.03	198.46	105.02	77.20	270.15	449.94	227.52	1 240.66	580.02	2.60	0.04	<0.001		165.50	8.12
蒸发区	单一结构潜水 (7150 m, n=87) 承压水区潜水 (818 m, n=6) 浅层承压水 (2560 m, n=17) 深层承压水 (100110 m, n=6)	最大值	43.0	473.0	23.23	9 625.30	702.10	1 307.97	13 462.92	8 913.20	1 288.00	34 431.90	6 549.30	25.17	33.50	6.55		253.00	10.50
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	<0.01	63.22	12.03	9.57	67.31	97.79	51.66	396.39	81.06	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		-59.00	7.07
		均值	3.1	46.4	2.15	748.30	139.58	158.16	970.73	883.09	408.82	3 132.58	999.27	2.41	1.34	0.25		142.24	7.87
		最大值	35.0	70.0	16.20	5 949.27	396.20	1 533.06	5 668.60	6 961.23	726.20	19 120.29	6 762.20	1.44	13.01	1.20		168.00	8.25
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.89	832.50	79.04	175.21	1 062.86	1 320.13	390.61	4 578.02	1 272.30	0.47	<0.01	<0.001		168.00	7.29
		均值	6.7	45.0	6.38	2 245.91	232.07	574.12	2 537.99	3 699.41	538.23	9 587.07	2 943.13	0.92	3.30	0.26		168.00	7.79
		最大值	61.2	2 637.0	5.40	121 075.28	1 012.62	25 366.14	172 922.44	54 147.68	1 428.15	358 694.00	106 956.45	31.27	9.14	3.19		205.00	8.44
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.07	74.76	34.10	27.50	99.20	132.18	85.45	519.31	198.40	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		-80.00	6.30
		均值	5.8	316.6	1.17	32 599.35	327.02	3 154.15	43 522.74	16 078.90	309.51	95 869.72	13 801.64	3.70	3.10	0.47		-12.90	7.58
		最大值	<1.0	40.0	2.80	862.60	190.00	245.60	1 094.00	1 102.00	695.20	3 865.00	1 486.00	3.29	1.86	0.24		186.00	8.20
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	1.02	222.58	51.75	34.31	311.77	211.02	106.30	959.69	270.50	0.49	<0.01	<0.001		53.00	7.80
		均值	<1.0	18.3	1.92	373.87	113.74	97.43	511.06	485.55	267.54	1 737.95	685.23	1.28	0.45	0.06		97.25	7.98

Table 1 Statistics of hydrogeological properties and hydrochemical composition of groundwater in the study area

区域	含水层类型 (井深,样品数)		ρ_B/(μg·L^-1)		ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)												Eh/mV		pH值
区域	含水层类型 (井深,样品数)		As	I	F^-	K⁺+Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^-	$SO 4 2 -$	$HCO 3 -$	TDS	TH	$NO 3 -$ -N	Fe	Mn	Eh/mV		pH值
补给区	单一结构潜水 (70300 m, n=20)	最大值	4.0	40.0	4.13	445.36	212.89	234.62	655.43	1 036.14	317.37	2 189.07	1 284.49	5.10	12.69	0.36		202.00	8.69
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.16	26.09	26.23	6.59	14.36	53.51	97.24	198.50	111.60	0.35	<0.01	<0.001		69.00	7.78
		均值	1.3	29.5	0.88	142.78	80.99	43.36	183.68	295.66	153.23	840.82	382.06	1.49	2.18	0.09		135.50	8.24
过渡区	单一结构潜水 (15180 m, n=63) 浅层承压水 (2580 m, n=23) 深层承压水 (90130 m, n=11)	最大值	91.2	734.0	28.31	14 160.41	385.20	760.45	14 348.64	9 889.67	3 954.03	41 282.73	3 381.10	42.15	20.52	4.11		255.00	9.51
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.24	28.35	20.06	6.30	25.13	19.00	36.62	209.40	119.60	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		18.00	6.86
		均值	3.9	48.1	2.05	688.87	108.28	81.35	773.62	688.12	377.72	2 565.35	597.96	3.60	1.09	0.13		156.85	7.96
		最大值	67.6	317.0	6.78	80 124.29	810.10	4 237.93	101 093.12	37 310.28	1 933.05	221 574.89	18 963.90	11.43	6.85	0.96		111.00	8.48
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	<0.01	74.82	21.72	24.90	90.83	124.30	69.89	388.90	156.60	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		-46.00	6.58
		均值	6.2	82.3	1.38	15 106.05	302.82	979.98	19 187.87	8 517.93	331.10	44 292.45	4 790.63	3.42	1.47	0.14		39.15	7.74
		最大值	5.0	40.0	1.83	423.21	172.15	190.40	553.35	1 050.71	353.99	2 591.80	1 213.70	5.80	0.14	<0.001		225.00	8.40
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.66	121.50	25.98	3.66	91.54	177.19	121.60	522.57	108.60	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		106.00	7.77
		均值	1.3	34.5	1.03	198.46	105.02	77.20	270.15	449.94	227.52	1 240.66	580.02	2.60	0.04	<0.001		165.50	8.12
蒸发区	单一结构潜水 (7150 m, n=87) 承压水区潜水 (818 m, n=6) 浅层承压水 (2560 m, n=17) 深层承压水 (100110 m, n=6)	最大值	43.0	473.0	23.23	9 625.30	702.10	1 307.97	13 462.92	8 913.20	1 288.00	34 431.90	6 549.30	25.17	33.50	6.55		253.00	10.50
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	<0.01	63.22	12.03	9.57	67.31	97.79	51.66	396.39	81.06	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		-59.00	7.07
		均值	3.1	46.4	2.15	748.30	139.58	158.16	970.73	883.09	408.82	3 132.58	999.27	2.41	1.34	0.25		142.24	7.87
		最大值	35.0	70.0	16.20	5 949.27	396.20	1 533.06	5 668.60	6 961.23	726.20	19 120.29	6 762.20	1.44	13.01	1.20		168.00	8.25
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.89	832.50	79.04	175.21	1 062.86	1 320.13	390.61	4 578.02	1 272.30	0.47	<0.01	<0.001		168.00	7.29
		均值	6.7	45.0	6.38	2 245.91	232.07	574.12	2 537.99	3 699.41	538.23	9 587.07	2 943.13	0.92	3.30	0.26		168.00	7.79
		最大值	61.2	2 637.0	5.40	121 075.28	1 012.62	25 366.14	172 922.44	54 147.68	1 428.15	358 694.00	106 956.45	31.27	9.14	3.19		205.00	8.44
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	0.07	74.76	34.10	27.50	99.20	132.18	85.45	519.31	198.40	<0.2	<0.01	<0.001		-80.00	6.30
		均值	5.8	316.6	1.17	32 599.35	327.02	3 154.15	43 522.74	16 078.90	309.51	95 869.72	13 801.64	3.70	3.10	0.47		-12.90	7.58
		最大值	<1.0	40.0	2.80	862.60	190.00	245.60	1 094.00	1 102.00	695.20	3 865.00	1 486.00	3.29	1.86	0.24		186.00	8.20
		最小值	<1.0	<10.0	1.02	222.58	51.75	34.31	311.77	211.02	106.30	959.69	270.50	0.49	<0.01	<0.001		53.00	7.80
		均值	<1.0	18.3	1.92	373.87	113.74	97.43	511.06	485.55	267.54	1 737.95	685.23	1.28	0.45	0.06		97.25	7.98

Fig.3 Piper trilinear diagram of groundwater in the study area

Fig.4 Distribution map of arsenic, fluoride and iodine contents in groundwater in the study area

Fig.5 Correlation between arsenic, fluorine or iodine contents in groundwater and well depth

Fig.6 Quaternary geological map of the study area. Modified after [36].

Fig.7 Correlation between arsenic, fluorine or iodine contents and pH in groundwater

Fig.8 Gibbs diagram of groundwater in the study area

Fig.9 Mineral SI in various aquifers

Fig.10 Correlations between groundwater arsenic content and NO 3 -(a), SO 4 2 -(b), HCO 3 -(c), Fe(d), Mn(e) contents

Fig.11 Correlations between groundwater fluorine content and Ca2+ (a), Mg2+ (b), TDS (c), HCO 3 -(d) contents or SIfluorite (e)

Fig.12 Correlations between groundwater iodine content and Eh (a) or Fe (b), TDS(c), HCO 3 - (d) contents

Fig.13 Groundwater arsenic-iodine(a), arsenic-fluorine(b) and fluorine-iodine(c) plots

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