高精度层序地层学在海相细粒沉积岩中的应用:以川北陡山沱组为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.10.19

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (4): 164-181.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.10.19

高精度层序地层学在海相细粒沉积岩中的应用:以川北陡山沱组为例

匡明志¹^,²(), 李一凡²^,^*(), 樊太亮², 张坦², 刘旺威³, 刘楠⁴

1.成都理工大学能源学院, 四川成都 610059
2.中国地质大学(北京) 能源学院, 北京 100083
3.中石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所, 江苏无锡 214035
4.陕西延长石油(集团)有限责任公司研究院, 陕西西安 710075

收稿日期:2022-08-09 修回日期:2022-09-12 出版日期:2023-07-25 发布日期:2023-07-07
通信作者: *李一凡(1987—),男,副教授,博士生导师,从事细粒沉积学、沉积地球化学和非常规油气勘探研究工作。E⁃mail: liyifan@cugb.edu.cn
作者简介:匡明志(1994—),男,博士研究生,从事细粒沉积岩和碳酸盐岩沉积特征研究工作。E-mail: kuangmingzhi1125@gmail.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U19B6003-01-02);国家自然科学基金面上项目(42272173)

Application of high-precision sequence stratigraphy in marine fine-grained sedimentary rocks: A case study of the Doushantuo Formation in northern Sichuan

KUANG Mingzhi¹^,²(), LI Yifan²^,^*(), FAN Tailiang², ZHANG Tan², LIU Wangwei³, LIU Nan⁴

1. College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
2. School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. Wuxi Institute of Petroleum Geology, Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute, Wuxi 214035, China
4. Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710075, China

Received:2022-08-09 Revised:2022-09-12 Online:2023-07-25 Published:2023-07-07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在海相细粒沉积岩中建立高精度层序地层格架可有效预测富有机质发育层段及优质非常规油气储层,格架的建立是目前非常规油气沉积学和细粒层序地层学中的研究难点。本文以川北陡山沱组细粒沉积岩为研究对象,选取典型剖面,通过野外露头精细描述和薄片高精度分析,在陡山沱组浊积序列段和细粒沉积段划分出块状粗砂岩、层理砂岩、富砂质夹层粉砂岩、滑塌揉皱粉砂质泥岩、粒序韵律粉砂质泥岩、断续砂质纹层泥岩和暗纹层泥岩7种“沉积构造+岩性”分类模式的岩相类型;在上部混积序列段划分出细晶云岩、钙质砂岩、球粒灰岩组成的浅水混积岩相组合,以及泥晶灰岩与钙质泥岩形成的深水混积岩相组合,并以此为基础自下而上识别了斜坡相、缓坡相、深水陆棚相、浅水陆棚相、混积潮坪相和混积陆棚相6类沉积相;通过野外露头观察,识别出4个三级层序界面,包括陡山沱组砂岩与南沱组冰碛岩的岩相突变面SB1、冲刷侵蚀面SB2、岩相转换面SB3和SB4;根据岩相叠加样式及沉积构造定量统计,在陡山沱组中划分了56个准层序,18个准层序组,总结了重力流控准层序、浪控缓坡准层序、浪控陆架准层序和混积准层序等4类准层序样式,识别了9个体系域,划分出3个完整的三级层序单元(SQ1-SQ3)和顶部海侵体系域(TST4);结合沉积相和层序特征,认为川北陡山沱组经历了“陡斜坡—缓坡—陆棚—混积台地”填平补齐的演化过程。

关键词: 川北坳陷, 陡山沱组, 细粒沉积, 岩相, 高频层序

Abstract:

Establishing a high-precision sequence stratigraphic framework in marine fine-grained sedimentary rocks is important for an effective prediction of organic-rich intervals and high-quality unconventional oil/gas reservoirs which is still a challenge in unconventional oil/gas sedimentology and fine-grained sequence stratigraphy. Taking the fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Doushantuo Formation in northern Sichuan as the research object typical sections are selected. Through detailed field investigation of outcrops and high-precision analysis of thin sections, the turbidite sequence section and fine-grained sedimentary section of the Doushantuo Formation are divided into 7 lithofacies types according to sedimentary structure and lithology: (1) massive coarse sandstone, (2) bedding sandstone, (3) sand-rich-interlayer siltstone, (4) collapse-crumpled silty mudstone, (5) grain-rhythmic silty mudstone, (6) intermittent sandy laminar mudstone, and (7) dark-laminar mudstone. The upper mixed sediments are divided into shallow-water mixed lithofacies which include fine-grained dolomite, calcareous sandstone, and spherulitic limestone, and deep-water mixed lithofacies including micrite limestone and calcareous mudstone. On this basis, six types of sedimentary facies are identified from bottom to top: slope facies, gentle-slope facies, deep-water shelf facies, shallow-water shelf facies, mixed tidal-flat facies, and mixed shelf facies. Through field outcrop observation, four third-order sequence boundaries are identified: lithofacies catastrophe surface SB1 of Doushantuo Formation sandstone and Nantuo Formation moraine; scouring contact surface SB2; and lithofacies transformation surfaces SB3 and SB4. According to lithofacies superposition style and sedimentary structural types, 56 parasequences and 18 parasequence sets are delineated; four types of parasequence styles—gravity-flow/wave-controlled gentle slope, wave-controlled shelf and mixed parasequences—are summarized; 9 system tracts are identified; and three complete third-order sequence units (SQ1-SQ3) and top transgressive system tract (TST4) are delineated. Combined with the characteristics of sedimentary facies and sequence, it is considered that the Doushantuo Formation has experienced a “steep-slope, to gentle-slope, to shelf, to mixed-platform” evolutionary process.

Key words: Northern Sichuan depression, Doushantuo Formation, fine-grained sedimentation, lithofacies, high-frequency sequence

中图分类号:

P539.2
P586

匡明志, 李一凡, 樊太亮, 张坦, 刘旺威, 刘楠. 高精度层序地层学在海相细粒沉积岩中的应用:以川北陡山沱组为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(4): 164-181.

KUANG Mingzhi, LI Yifan, FAN Tailiang, ZHANG Tan, LIU Wangwei, LIU Nan. Application of high-precision sequence stratigraphy in marine fine-grained sedimentary rocks: A case study of the Doushantuo Formation in northern Sichuan[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(4): 164-181.

图/表 13

图1 四川盆地陡山沱组厚度分布图(a)、地层综合柱状图(b)及扬子北缘地质简图(c) (a据文献[19,21]修改;b据文献[24]修改; c据文献[15])

Fig.1 Thickness distribution map (a, modified from [19,21]) and comprehensive stratigraphic column (b, modified from [24]) of the Doushantuo Formation in Sichuan basin, and simplified geological map of the northern margin of the Yangzi plate (c, modified from [15]).

图2 陆架边缘水动力模式图与对应岩相特征(据文献[32-33]修改) (FWWB指晴天浪基面,SWB指风暴浪基面。)

Fig.2 Hydrodynamic model and corresponding lithofacies characteristics of continental shelf edge. Modified after [32-33].

图3 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组斜坡/缓斜坡沉积体系岩相特征 a—浊积岩,复理石构造,Z1ds1+2,剖面露头,图中白框指示图3b所在位置;b—层理砂岩,浊积粒序特征,Z1ds1+2,剖面露头;c—块状粗砂岩,颗粒支撑,Z1ds1+2,正交偏光;d—块状粗砂岩,杂基支撑,Z1ds1+2,薄片扫描;e—层理砂岩,粒序特征,Z1ds1+2,薄片扫描;f—暗纹层泥岩,Z1ds1+2,单偏光;g—滑塌揉皱粉砂质泥岩,见滑塌、粒序,Z1ds1+2,薄片扫描;h—滑塌揉皱粉砂质泥岩,波浪加强重力流沉积三段式特征,Z1ds1+2,薄片扫描。

Fig.3 Lithofacies characteristics of slope-gentle slope sedimentary system of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图4 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组深水陆棚-浅水陆棚沉积体系岩相特征 a—粉砂质泥岩,Z1ds3,露头;b—泥质砂岩,可见流水沙纹,Z1ds3,露头;c—断续砂质纹层泥岩,Z1ds3,单偏光;d—断续砂质纹层泥岩,低角度流水沙纹,Z1ds3,单偏光;e—粒序韵律粉砂质泥岩,弯曲粒序叠置,Z1ds3,薄片扫描;f—粒序韵律粉砂质泥岩,顶部残留纹层,Z1ds3,单偏光;g—富砂质夹层粉砂岩,冲刷面、粒序层、流水砂纹,Z1ds3,薄片扫描;h—富砂质夹层粉砂岩,波状层理,Z1ds3,薄片扫描。

Fig.4 Lithofacies characteristics of deep-water shelf-shallow-water shelf sedimentary system of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图5 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组混积潮坪-混积陆棚沉积体系岩相特征 a—混积岩层,Z1ds4,露头;b—细晶云岩,Z1ds4,单偏光;c—钙质中砂岩,富含杂基,Z1ds4,正交偏光;d—钙质细砂岩,分选较好,Z1ds4,正交偏光;e—钙质细砂岩,流水沙纹、砂质层,Z1ds4,薄片扫描;f—球粒灰岩, 栉壳状亮晶胶结,Z1ds4,正交偏光;g—钙质泥岩,滞留沉积、泥屑,Z1ds4,薄片扫描;h—钙质泥岩,泥屑、方解石、石英,Z1ds4,正交偏光;i—泥晶灰岩,Z1ds4,正交偏光。

Fig.5 Lithofacies characteristics of mixed tidal-flat-mixed shelf sedimentary system of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图6 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组层序界面特征

Fig.6 Sequence boundary characteristics of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图7 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组准层序岩相组合和沉积特征

Fig.7 Parasequence lithofacies assemblage and sedimentary characteristics of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图8 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组综合柱状图 (LST指低位体系域,TST指海侵体系域,HST指高位体系域,TS为初始海泛面,MFS为最大海泛面。)

Fig.8 Stratigraphic column of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图9 镇巴小洋陡山沱组层序SQ1结构特征 (层序相关界面的缩写参考图8)

Fig.9 Characteristics of sequence SQ1 of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图10 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组层序SQ2结构特征 (层序相关界面的缩写参考图8)

Fig.10 Characteristics of sequence SQ2 of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图11 镇巴小洋剖面陡山沱组层序SQ3与TST4沉积特征 (层序相关界面的缩写参考图8)

Fig.11 Characteristics of sequences SQ3 and TST4 of the Doushantuo Formation, Zhenba-Xiaoyang section

图12 扬子北缘坳陷陡山沱组对比剖面 (a据文献[19,21]修改;杨坝剖面据文献[3];两河口剖面、大竹剖面、高竹剖面、明月剖面据文献[23])

Fig.12 Regional map showing the profile location in the northern margin of Yangzi (a, modified from [19,21]) and stratigraphic sequence correlation in the Doushantuo Formation across the study area (b, modified from [3,23])

图13 扬子北缘坳陷陡山沱组沉积充填演化模式图

Fig.13 Sedimentary evolution model of the Doushantuo Formation in the study area

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高精度层序地层学在海相细粒沉积岩中的应用:以川北陡山沱组为例

Application of high-precision sequence stratigraphy in marine fine-grained sedimentary rocks: A case study of the Doushantuo Formation in northern Sichuan

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