Study on zoning characteristics and genesis of iodine in shallow groundwater in North China Plain

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.6.37

Abstract

Abstract:

In this paper, the shallow groundwater in the North China Plain is taken as the object of study, and based on the zoning of the groundwater system and the history of sea intrusion, as well as the characteristics of the iodine concentration distribution, four typical zones are delineated:Haihe Plain Groundwater System Zone (A); Haihe Plain Groundwater System-Sea Intrusion Zone (B); Lower Paleo-Yellow River Groundwater System Zone (C); and Lower Paleo-Yellow River Groundwater System-Sea Intrusion Zone (D). Overall, the shallow groundwater in the North China Plain was nearly neutral to alkaline,and the distribution of iodine ion concentration was clearly zoned, with a clear upward trend in iodine ion concentration from the pre-mountainous area to the coastal area, and the hydrochemical type of the water also appeared to vary from HCO₃-Ca type water with a low TDS (A) to HCO₃-Na type water with a TDS of more than 1 g/L (C),to Cl-Na type water with a TDS of more than 3 g/L (B,D). The high iodine groundwater were mainly distributed in zones B, C, and D, with mean iodine ion concentrations of 128.27 μg/L, 176.7 μg/L, and 179.2 μg/L respectively, and the median values of zones C and D were more than 100 μg/L. For the three high iodine zones, we screened the iodine-influencing factors and preliminarily explored the causes of the high iodine groundwater in the study area by using the method of random forest. The results showed that Zone C belongs to the medium TDS-high iodine zone, where the complex clay and sand interlayer phenomenon was formed due to the deposition of the Yellow River in multiple flooding periods, the groundwater circulation is weak, the concentration of iodine ions is related to the content of organic matter, clay minerals and iron oxides in the alluvial lake sediments, and the main role of the formation of high iodine groundwater is the evaporation and concentration. Zone D belongs to the high TDS-high iodine zone, and the sea invasion events in the past made a large amount of iodine stored in the sediments, and the formation of high iodine groundwater is mainly due to evaporation and concentration. Area D is a high TDS-moderate iodine area, and the historical marine intrusion events have caused a large amount of iodine to be stored in the sediments, providing a source of iodine in the groundwater, and the biodegradation of organic matter is the main driving factor for the formation of high iodine groundwater in this area. Area B belongs to the high TDS-moderate iodine area, and the marine sediment formed by the historical marine intrusion events is also the source of iodine in the aquifer in this area, and the iodine concentration of the area is slightly lower than that of Area D because of leaching from the lower tip of the Nine Rivers.

Key words: groundwater, high iodine, partition, hydrogeological conditions

CLC Number:

P641

HUANG Shiwen, XIA Qiwen, HE Jiangtao, HE Baonan, CHEN Cuibai, SUN Jichao. Study on zoning characteristics and genesis of iodine in shallow groundwater in North China Plain[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(4): 510-522.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig.1 Location of supply area,runoff area and discharge area in North China Plain. Adapted from [20].

Fig.2 Hydrogeological profile of North China Plain. Adapted from [21].

Fig.3 Distribution map of iodine concentration in shallow groundwater (a) and iodine ion concentration frequency histogram (b)

Fig.4 Groundwater system division in North China Plain (adapted from [20]) (a), transgression range (adapted from [29]) (b), four regional divisions of the research area (c)

Table 1 Statistical summary of main parameters of hydrochemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in North China Plain

区域	I^-浓度/(μg·L^-1)		pH		TDS/(mg·L^-1)		Eh/mV		水化学类型
区域	均值	中位数	均值	中位数	均值	中位数	均值	中位数	水化学类型
总流域	116.4	60	7.51	7.5	1 935	980.94	74.18	63	HCO₃-Ca
(A)	50.19	14	7.5	7.5	1 088	649.9	131.47	147.5	HCO₃-Ca
(B)	128.27	60	7.47	7.4	3 081	2 296.4	54.43	2.11	Cl-Na
(C)	176.66	120	7.55	7.52	1 504	1 107.24	7.18	-4.35	HCO₃-Na
(D)	179.2	100	7.39	7.3	7 570	3 278.59	87	42.7	Cl-Na

Fig.5 Characteristics of the numerical distribution of the main hydrochemical indicators of shallow groundwater in each region

Fig.6 Shallow groundwater hydrochemistry types in the districts

Table 2 15 potential influencing factors and their impact on high iodine groundwater

潜在影响因素	缩写	单位	对地下水碘离子浓度的影响
溶解性总固体	TDS	mg/L	指示海侵事件形成的海相沉积物或蒸发浓缩作用^[30]
地下水钠离子浓度	Na⁺	mg/L	指示海侵事件形成的海相沉积物或蒸发浓缩作用^[30]
地下水氯离子浓度	Cl^-	mg/L	指示海侵事件形成的海相沉积物或蒸发浓缩作用^[30]
地下水锰离子浓度	Mn	mg/L	指示地下水的氧化还原环境^[9]
地下水铁浓度	Fe	mg/L	还原环境条件下沉积物中的铁氧化物溶解促进了碘的释放^[40]
地下水硝氮浓度	$NO 3 -$ -N	mg/L	指示水环境氧化还原条件的特征指标^[33]
地下水镁离子浓度	Mg²⁺	mg/L	指示水-岩相互作用中岩石矿物的风化溶解^[41]
地下水钙离子浓度	Ca²⁺	mg/L	指示阳离子交换吸附作用等水化学作用^[34]
地下水硫酸根浓度	$SO 4 2 -$	mg/L	指示氧化还原反应^[30,34]
地下水重碳酸根浓度	$HCO 3 -$	mg/L	有机质生物降解过程伴随着 $HCO 3 -$ 的产生^[35]
地下水pH值	WpH	—	指示地下水环境的酸碱性^[36-37]
氧化还原电位	Eh	mV	指示地下水的氧化还原环境^[32]
采样点到渤海的距离	DisB	m	指示受海侵的影响^[31]
年平均蒸发量	EVP	mm	指示蒸发浓缩作用^[38]
年平均降雨量	PRE	mm	指示淋滤作用^[39]

Table 2 15 potential influencing factors and their impact on high iodine groundwater

潜在影响因素	缩写	单位	对地下水碘离子浓度的影响
溶解性总固体	TDS	mg/L	指示海侵事件形成的海相沉积物或蒸发浓缩作用^[30]
地下水钠离子浓度	Na⁺	mg/L	指示海侵事件形成的海相沉积物或蒸发浓缩作用^[30]
地下水氯离子浓度	Cl^-	mg/L	指示海侵事件形成的海相沉积物或蒸发浓缩作用^[30]
地下水锰离子浓度	Mn	mg/L	指示地下水的氧化还原环境^[9]
地下水铁浓度	Fe	mg/L	还原环境条件下沉积物中的铁氧化物溶解促进了碘的释放^[40]
地下水硝氮浓度	$NO 3 -$ -N	mg/L	指示水环境氧化还原条件的特征指标^[33]
地下水镁离子浓度	Mg²⁺	mg/L	指示水-岩相互作用中岩石矿物的风化溶解^[41]
地下水钙离子浓度	Ca²⁺	mg/L	指示阳离子交换吸附作用等水化学作用^[34]
地下水硫酸根浓度	$SO 4 2 -$	mg/L	指示氧化还原反应^[30,34]
地下水重碳酸根浓度	$HCO 3 -$	mg/L	有机质生物降解过程伴随着 $HCO 3 -$ 的产生^[35]
地下水pH值	WpH	—	指示地下水环境的酸碱性^[36-37]
氧化还原电位	Eh	mV	指示地下水的氧化还原环境^[32]
采样点到渤海的距离	DisB	m	指示受海侵的影响^[31]
年平均蒸发量	EVP	mm	指示蒸发浓缩作用^[38]
年平均降雨量	PRE	mm	指示淋滤作用^[39]

Fig.7 Observations and predictions of I-concentration (in logarithmic form) (a) and results of importance of different regional features (b)

Fig.8 Gibbs plot analysis of low (a), medium (b), and high (c) iodine groundwater hydrochemical interactions in Zone C

Fig.9 Gibbs plot analysis of low, medium, and high iodine groundwater hydrochemical interactions in Zone D

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