Late-Triassic stratigraphic redefinition of and structural deformation in the Tethys Himalayan Belt in Gyaca area, Tibet

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.8.55

Abstract

Abstract:

The Late-Triassic middle-low metamorphosed rock assemblage exposed in the Gyaca area of the northeastern Tethyan Himalaya, southern Tibet, including the Langjexue Group, had been regarded as a set of abyssal-bathyal flysch strata. This study reveals the Upper-Triassic strata are bounded by a steep shear zone (SSB) where obvious differences in composition, structural deformation and metamorphism between north and south are observed. The northern SSB is characterized by accretionary complex with a “matrix + blocks” structure, with little fossil preserved to reveal its primary sedimentary structure. The “blocks” are mainly composed of meta-sandstone, limestone, marble, green-schist, basaltic schist, metasdiabase, actinolite schist and garnet mica schist, while the “matrix” consists of sandy slate and sericite quartz phyllite (or phyllonite). Strata of the southern SSB chiefly consists of medium-fine grained felsic sandstones, mudstone and epimetamorphic slate. Sandstone layers display flute and groove casts, load casts, parallel lamination and graded bedding, while siltstone or mudstone beds preserve plant stem fossils and fodichnia. Structural analysis shows the Gyaca accretionary complex undergoes two stages of deformation (D₁ and D₂). D₁ is caused by bedding shearing in the top-to-south direction, which results in intensive penetrative foliation (S₁) and new-born felsic quartzose veins; and D₂ is characterized by middle-high dip angle with southward inclination-replaced foliation (S₂), consistent with north-south contraction deformation with top-to-south movement accompanied by syntectonic intermediate-basic veins. Meanwhile, under north-south compression stress, strata on the south side of SSB develop imbricated fold-thrust structure. Zircon U-Pb isotopic chronology reveals the “matrix” of the Gyaca accretionary complex and the southern Langjiexue strata are Latin to Norian (242-220 Ma), while the “blocks” include Late Triassic, Late Jurassic (146 Ma) and Early Cretaceous (144 Ma), showing multi-age characteristics. Besides, the timing of D₂ is constrained to be 56 Ma by ages of syntectonic dikes, representing early collision tectonics in the Early Eocene, which further, indirectly, indicates D₁ might have occurred during initial to early collision of India-Asia, i.e., in the Paleocene-Eocene. Research on deformation structures and tectonic evolution suggests the two stages of deformation in the Gyaca accretionary complex occur in responses, respectively, to subduction-accretion and early collision between the passive continental margin of India and Asian active margin. That is, the accretionary complex is formed by subduction of the passive continental margin of India, and the fold-thrust structure is induced by contraction of India and Asia. The positive flower-like ‘Gyaca accretionary complex-Langjiexue fold-thrust zone’ structure might represent thickening of the India crustal and uplift of the Himalaya orogenic belt. The development of south-south-east (SEE) lineations within SSB indicates its strike-slip tectonic characteristics, which might suggest diagonally downward collision between India and Asia in the Late Eocene.

Key words: Tibet, Tethys Himalayan Belt, Late Triassic strata, structural deformation

CLC Number:

TANG Yu, WANG Genhou, HAN Fanglin, LI Dian, LIANG Xiao, FENG Yipeng, ZHANG Li, WANG Zhuosheng, HAN Ning. Late-Triassic stratigraphic redefinition of and structural deformation in the Tethys Himalayan Belt in Gyaca area, Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(2): 35-56.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt. Modified after [15].

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the Gyaca area, eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt

Fig.3 Compositional characteristics of “blocks” and “matrix” in the Gyaca accretionary complex

Fig.4 Compositional characteristics of the Late-Triassic Langjiexue Group

Fig.5 Structural deformation characteristics of the Gyaca accretionary complex

Fig.6 Tectonostratigraphy profile of Late-Triassic strata of the eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt. Stratigraphic unit and color scheme refer to Fig.2; cross-section locations see Fig.2, lines AB, CD.

Fig.7 Structural deformation characteristics of the Late-Triassic Langjiexue Group. Yellow lines represent bedding (S0); purple lines refer to axial-plane cleavage (S1).

Fig.8 Schematic diagram showing the tectonostratigraphic framework of the Late-Triassic strata of the eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt. Stratigraphic units refer to Fig.2.

Fig.9 Detrital zircon concordance of the Late Triassic tectonostratigraphy on the eastern Tethys Himalayan belt

Fig.10 Zircon concordance (a, c) and weighted mean age (b, d) plots for zircon grains from metabasite blocks in the Gyaca accretionary complex

Fig.11 Zircon concordance (a, c) and weighted mean age (b, d) plots for zircon grains from syntectonic intermediate-mafic veins or dikes

Fig.12 Passive continental margin of India subduction-accretion-collision process

References 83

[84]	GAO R, LU Z W, KLEMPERER S L, et al. Crustal-scale duplexing beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture in the western Himalaya[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9: 555-560. DOI URL
[85]	卢占武, 高锐, KLEMPERER S, 等. 喜马拉雅西部雅鲁藏布江缝合带地壳尺度的构造叠置[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(2): 210-217. DOI
[86]	DONG X Y, LI W H, LU Z W, et al. Seismic reflection imaging of crustal deformation within the eastern Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone[J]. Tectonophysics, 2020, 780(4): 228395. DOI URL
[87]	GAO R, ZHOU H, GUO X Y, et al. Deep seismic reflection evidence on the deep processes of tectonic construction of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 320-336. DOI
[88]	付建刚, 李光明, 王根厚, 等. 北喜马拉雅双穹窿构造的建立: 来自藏南错那洞穹窿的厘定[J]. 中国地质, 2018, 45(4): 783-802.
[89]	李海兵, 戚学祥, VALLI F, 等. 喀喇昆仑断裂的形成时代: 锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄的制约[J]. 科学通报, 2007, 52(4): 438-447.
[90]	CUO Z J, LU J M, ZHANG Z C. Cenozoic exhumation and thrusting in the northern Qilian Shan, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: constraints from sedimentological and apatite fission-track data[J]. Acta Ceologica Sinica, 2009, 83: 801-840.
[91]	MENG Q R, HU J M, YANG F Z. Timing and magnitude of displacement on the Altyn Tagh fault: constraints from stracigraphic correlation of adjoining Tarim and Qaidam basins, NW China[J]. Terra Nova, 2003, 13: 86-91. DOI URL
[92]	DUPONT-NIVET G, KRIJGSMAN W, LANGEREIS C G, et al. Tibetan Plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition[J]. Nature, 2007, 445: 635-638. DOI URL
[93]	MOLNAR P, TAPPONNIER P. The collision between India and Eurasia[J]. Scientific American, 1977, 236(4): 30-41.
[1]	MOLNARP, ENGLANG P, MARTINOD P J. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon[J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 1993, 31: 357-396. DOI URL
[2]	孙辉, 刘晓东. 青藏高原隆升气候效应的数值模拟研究进展概述[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(5): 300-309.
[3]	DING L, SPICER R A, YANG J, et al. Quantifying the rise of the Himalaya orogen and implications for the South Asian monsoon[J]. Geology, 2017, 45(3): 215-218. DOI URL
[4]	RAYMOND L A. Classification of mélange[J]. Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, 1984, 198: 7-20.
[5]	CHANG C P, ANGELIER J, HUANG C Y. Evolution of subductions indicated by mélanges in Taiwan[M]//LALLEMAND S, FUNICIELLO F. Subduction zone geodynamics. Berlin: Springer, 2009: 207-225.
[6]	BURG J P, CHEN G. Tectonics and structure zonation of southern Tibet, China[J]. Nature, 1984, 311: 219-223. DOI URL
[7]	SEARLE M P, WINDLEY B F, COWARD M P, et al. The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1987, 98: 678-701. DOI URL
[8]	AITCHISON J C. Remnants of a Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system within the Yarlung-Zangbo suture (South Tibet)[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2000, 183: 231-244. DOI URL
[9]	CAI F L, DING L, LEARY R J, et al. Tectonostratigraphy and provenance of an accretionary complex within the Yarlung-Zangpo suture zone, southern Tibet: insights into subduction-accretion processes in the Neo-Tethys[J]. Tectonophysics, 2012, 574: 181-192.
[10]	WANG H Q, DING L, KAPP P, et al. Earliest Cretaceous accretion of Neo-Tethys oceanic subduction along the Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zone, Sangsang area, southern Tibet[J]. Tectonophysics, 2018, 744: 373-389. DOI URL
[11]	ZHONG Y, LIU W L, TANG G J, et al. Origin of Mesozoic ophiolitic melanges in the western Yarlung Zangbo suture zone, SW Tibet[J]. Gondwana Research, 2019, 76: 204-223. DOI URL
[12]	张万平, 莫宣学, 朱弟成, 等. 西藏朗县蛇绿混杂岩中变辉绿岩和变玄武岩的年代学和地球化学[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 38(5): 538-548.
[13]	李奋其, 李益多, 张士贞, 等. 西藏朗县地区增生楔杂岩带90 Ma岛弧型深成岩浆活动和意义[J]. 中国地质, 2016, 43(1): 142-152.
[14]	PAN G T, WANG L Q, LI R S, et al. Tectonic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2012, 53: 3-14. DOI URL
[15]	王立全, 潘桂堂, 丁俊, 等. 青藏高原及邻区地质图(1∶1500000)及说明书[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2013.
[16]	李祥辉, 王尹, 徐文礼, 等. 试论西藏南部上三叠统复理石朗杰学群与涅如组[J]. 地质学报, 2011, 85(10): 1551-1562.
[17]	LI X H, MATTERN F, ZHANG C K, et al. Multiple sources of the Upper Triassic flysch in the eastern Himalaya Orogen, Tibet, China: implications to palaeogeography and palaeotectonic evolution[J]. Tectonophysics, 2016, 666: 12-22. DOI URL
[18]	JADOUL F, BERRA F, GARZANTI E. The Tethys Himalayan passive margin from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous (South Tibet)[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 1998, 16(2/3): 172-194.
[19]	YIN A, HARRISON T M. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2000, 28: 211-280. DOI URL
[20]	CAI F L, DING L, LASKOWSKI A K, et al. Late Triassic paleogeographic reconstruction along the Neo-Tethyan Ocean margins, southern Tibet[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2016, 435: 105-114. DOI URL
[21]	CAO H W, HUANG Y, LI G M, et al. Late Triassic sedimentary records in the northern Tethyan Himalaya: tectonic link with Greater India[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 2018, 9: 273-291. DOI URL
[22]	WANG J G, WU F Y, GARZANTI E, et al. Upper Triassic turbidites of the northern Tethyan Himalaya (Langjiexue group): the terminal of a sediment-routing system sourced in the Gondwanide orogen[J]. Gondwana Research, 2016, 34: 84-98. DOI URL
[23]	FANG D R, WANG G H, HISADA K I, et al. Provenance of the Langjiexue Group to the south of the Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture Zone in south-eastern Tibet: insights on the evolution of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Late Triassic[J]. International Geology Review, 2019, 61(3): 341-360. DOI URL
[24]	孟中玙, 王建刚, 纪伟强, 等. 藏东南朗杰学群是原地沉积而非外来地体: 来自印度大陆北缘浅海相曲龙贡巴组沉积物源的证据[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2019, 49: 848-863.
[25]	肖文交, 敖松坚, 杨磊, 等. 喜马拉雅汇聚带结构-属性解剖及印度-亚洲大陆最终拼贴格局[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2017, 47: 631-656.
[26]	AO S J, XIAO W J, WINDLEY B F, et al. Components and structures of the eastern Tethyan Himalayan Sequence in SW China: not a passive margin shelf but a mélange accretionary prism[J]. Geological Journal, 2018, 53: 2665-2689. DOI URL
[27]	李典, 王根厚, 刘正勇, 等. 西藏南羌塘晚三叠世陆缘俯冲增生造山带的褶皱-冲断与增生杂岩双层结构厘定[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 231-248. DOI
[28]	CHU M F, CHUNG S L, SONG B, et al. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints on the Mesozoic tectonics and crustal evolution of southern Tibet[J]. Geology, 2016, 34: 745-748. DOI URL
[29]	MO X X, NIU Y L, DONG G C, et al. Contribution of syncollisional felsic magmatism to continental crust growth: a case study of the Paleogene Linzizong volcanic succession in southern Tibet[J]. Chemical Geology, 2008, 250: 49-67. DOI URL
[30]	JI W Q, WU F Y, CHUNG S, et al. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet[J]. Chemical Geology, 2009, 262: 229-245. DOI URL
[31]	ZHU D C, ZHAO Z D, NIU Y L, et al. Lhasa Terrane in southern Tibet came from Australia[J]. Geology, 2011, 39: 727-730. DOI URL
[32]	KANG Z Q, XU J F, WILDE S A, et al. Geochronology and geochemistry of the Sangri Group volcanic rocks, southern Lhasa Terrane: implications for the early subduction history of the Neo-Tethys and Gangdese magmatic arc[J]. Lithos, 2014, 20: 157-168.
[33]	ZHANG Z M, DONG X, SANTOSH M, et al. Metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa Terrane, central Tibet[J]. Gondwana Research, 2014, 25(1): 170-189. DOI URL
[34]	GUYNN J H, KAPP P, PULLEN A, et al. Tibetan basement rocks near Amdo reveal “missing” Mesozoic tectonism along the Bangong suture, central Tibet[J]. Geology, 2006, 34: 505-508. DOI URL
[35]	DUPUIS C, HEBERTA R, DUBOIS-COTE V, et al. The Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone ophiolitic mélange(southern Tibet): new insights from geochemistry of ultramaﬁc rocks[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2005, 25: 937-960. DOI URL
[36]	CHAN G H N, AITCHISON J C, CROWLEY Q G, et al. U-Pb zircon ages for Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone ophiolites, southwestern Tibet and their tectonic implications[J]. Gondwana Research, 2015, 27 (2): 719-732. DOI URL
[37]	潘桂堂, 丁俊. 青藏高原及邻区地质图(1∶1500000)说明书[M]. 成都: 地图出版社, 2004.
[38]	YIN A. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2006, 76: 1-131. DOI URL
[39]	GARZANTI E, CASNEDI R, JADOUL F, et al. Sedimentary evidence of a Cambro-Ordovician orogenic event in the northwestern Himalaya[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1986, 48 (3/4): 237-265. DOI URL
[40]	GARZANTI E. Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 1999, 17: 805-827. DOI URL
[41]	MYROW P M, THOMPSON K R, HUGHES N C, et al. Cambrian stratigraphy and depositional history of the northern Indian Himalaya, Spiti Valley, north-central India[J]. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 2006, 118 (3/4): 491-510. DOI URL
[42]	COTTLE J M, JESSUP M J, NEWELL D L, et al. Geochronology of granulitized eclogite from the Ama Drime Massif: implications for the tectonic evolution of the South Tibetan Himalaya[J]. Tectonics, 2009, 28: 1-25.
[43]	WIEDENBECK M, HANCHAR J M, PECK W H, et al. Further characterisation of the 91500 zircon crystal[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2004, 28(1): 9-39. DOI URL
[44]	JACKSON S E, PEARSON N J, GRIFFIN W L, et al. The application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to in situ U-Pb zircon geochronology[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 211(1/2): 47-69. DOI URL
[45]	SLAMA J, KOSLER J, CONDON D J, et al. Plesovice zircon: a new natural reference material for U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis[J]. Chemical Geology, 2008, 249(1/2): 1-35. DOI URL
[46]	HU Z, LIU Y, GAO S, et al. Improved in situ Hf isotope ratio analysis of zircon using newly designed X skimmer cone and jet sample cone in combination with the addition of nitrogen by laser ablation multiple collector ICP-MS[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2012, 27(9): 1391-1399. DOI URL
[47]	LIU Y, HU Z, GAO S, et al. In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard[J]. Chemical Geology, 2008, 257(1/2): 34-43. DOI URL
[48]	LIU Y, HU Z, ZONG K, et al. Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(15): 1535-1546. DOI URL
[49]	ANDERSEN T. Correction of common lead in U-Pb analyses that do not report ²⁰⁴Pb[J]. Chemical Geology, 2002, 192(1/2): 59-79. DOI URL
[50]	BECK R A, BURBANK D W, SERCOMBE W J, et al. Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between Northwest India and Asia[J]. Nature, 1995, 373(65): 55-58. DOI URL
[51]	MASCLE G, PÊCHER A, GUILLOT S, et al. The Himalaya-Tibet collision[R]. Paris: Nepal Geological Society and Société Géologique de France, 2012.
[52]	HU X M, SINCLAIR H D, WANG J G, et al. Late Cretaceous - Palaeogene stratigraphic and basin evolution in the Zhepure Mountain of southern Tibet: implications for the timing of India-Asia initial collision[J]. Basin Research, 2012, 24 (5): 520-543. DOI URL
[53]	HU X M, GARZANTI E, WANG J G, et al. The timing of India-Asia collision onset: facts, theories, controversies[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2016, 160: 264-299. DOI URL
[54]	DING L, QASIM M, JADOON I A K, et al. The India-Asia collision in north Pakistan: insight from the U-Pb detrital zircon provenance of Cenozoic foreland basin[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2016, 455: 49-61. DOI URL
[55]	DING L, KAPP P, WAN X Q. Paleocene-Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision, south-central Tibet[J]. Tectonics, 2005, 24: 1-18.
[56]	莫宣学, 赵志丹, 周肃, 等. 印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的时限[J]. 地质通报, 2007, 26(10): 1240-1244.
[57]	AITCHISON J C, ALI J R, DAVIS A M. When and where did India and Asia collide?[J]. Journal of Geophysics Research, 2007, 112: B05423.
[58]	NAJMAN Y, APPEL E, BOUDAGHER-FADEL M, et al. Timing of India-Asia collision: geological, biostratigraphic, and palaeomagnetic constraints[J]. Journal of Geophysics Research, 2010, 115: B12416. DOI URL
[59]	WU F Y, JI W Q, WANG J G, et al. Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the onset time of India-Asia collision[J]. American Journal of Science, 2014, 314(2): 548-579. DOI URL
[60]	DECELLES P G, KAPP P, GEHRELS G E, et al. Paleocene-Eocene foreland basin evolution in the Himalaya of southern Tibet and Nepal: implications for the age of initial India-Asia collision[J]. Tectonics, 2014, 33: 824-849. DOI URL
[61]	WEI Z, LI X H, LI Y X, et al. Discovery of vestige sedimentary archives of the India-Asia collision in the eastern Yarlung Zangbo suture zone[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2020, 125: e2019JB018192.
[62]	AN W, HU X M, GARZANTI E, et al. New precise dating of the India-Asia collision in the Tibetan Himalaya at 61 Ma[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2021, 48(3): e2020GL090641.
[63]	YI Z Y, WANG T, MEERT J G, et al. An initial collision of India and Asia in the equatorial humid belt[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2021, 48(9): e2021GL093408.
[64]	CAI F L, DING L, YUE Y H. Provenance analysis of upper Cretaceous strata in the Tethys Himalaya, southern Tibet: implications for timing of India-Asia collision[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2011, 305: 195-206. DOI URL
[65]	丁林, MAKSATBEK S, 蔡福龙, 等. 印度与亚洲大陆初始碰撞时限、封闭方式和过程[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2017, 47: 293-309.
[66]	WANG H Q, DING L, CAI F L, et al. Early Tertiary deformation of the Zhongba-Gyangze Thrust in central southern Tibet[J]. Gondwana Research, 2017, 41: 235-248. DOI URL
[67]	LI J, HU X M, GARZANTI E, et al. Shallow-water carbonate responses to the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in the Tethyan Himalaya (southern Tibet): tectonic and climatic implications[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2017, 466: 153-165. DOI URL
[68]	DAI J G, YIN A, LIU W C, et al. Nd isotopic compositions of the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence in southeastern Tibet[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2008, 51: 1306-1316 DOI URL
[69]	ZHANG C K, LI X H, MATTERN F, et al. Composition and sediment dispersal pattern of the Upper Triassic flysch in the eastern Himalayas, China: significance to provenance and basin analysis[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2017, 106: 1257-1276. DOI URL
[70]	李广伟. 喜马拉雅地区上三叠统沉积物来源: 汇聚板块边缘物质构造属性[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2019, 49: 1452-1454.
[71]	ZHANG C K, LI X H, MATTERN F, et al. Deposystem architectures and lithofacies of a submarine fan-dominated deep sea succession in an orogen: a case study from the Upper Triassic Langjiexue Group of southern Tibet[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 111: 222-243. DOI URL
[72]	FEDO C M, SIRCOMBE K N, RAINBIRD, R H. Detrital zircon analysis of the sedimentary record[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 2003, 53(1): 277-303. DOI URL
[73]	GEHRELS G. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology applied to tectonics[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2014, 42: 127-149. DOI URL
[74]	DICKINSON W R, GEHRELS G E. Use of U-Pb ages of detrital zircons to infer maximum depositional ages of strata: a test against a Colorado Plateau Mesozoic database[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2009, 288: 115-125. DOI URL
[75]	ZHENG Y F, CHEN Y X. Continental versus oceanic subduction zones[J]. National Science Review, 2016, 4: 495-519.
[76]	ZHOU J B. Accretionary complex: geological records from oceanic subduction to continental deep subduction[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2020, 63(12): 1868-1883. DOI URL
[77]	ZHU D C, CHUNG S L, MO X X, et al. The 132 Ma Comei-Bunbury large igneous province: remnants identified in present-day southeastern Tibet and southwestern Australia[J]. Geology, 2009, 37: 583-586. DOI URL
[78]	BIAN W, YANG T, MA Y, et al. Paleomagnetic and geochronological results from the Zhela and Weimei formations lava flows of the Eastern Tethyan Himalaya: new insights into the breakup of eastern Gondwana[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2019, 124: 44-64. DOI URL
[79]	HUEN V R, RANERO C R, VANNUCCHI P. Generic model of subduction erosion[J]. Geology, 2004, 32: 913-916. DOI URL
[80]	CLIFT P D, VANNUCCHI P, MORGAN J P. Crustal redistribution, crust-mantle recycling and Phanerozoic evolution of the continental crust[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2009, 97: 80-104. DOI URL
[81]	张正一, 董冬冬, 张广旭, 等. 板块俯冲侵蚀雅浦岛弧的地形制约[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2017, 37(1): 41-50.
[82]	张进, 曲军峰, 赵衡, 等. 俯冲增生杂岩带变形特征、成因机制及与后期变形的区别[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(2): 56-78. DOI
[83]	YANG Z Y, WANG Q, HAO L L, et al. Subduction erosion and crustal material recycling indicated by adakites in central Tibet[J]. Geology, 2021, 49(6): 535-541.