Distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanism of fluoride in the shallow aquifer of the Tacheng Basin

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.10.29

Abstract

Abstract:

The Tacheng Basin is located in the northwestern Xinjiang Hui Autonomous Region (XHAR), which is characterized by drought, less rain and strong evaporation. Compared with other basins in XAR, the concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) and fluoride (F^- ) in the groundwater in the Tacheng Basin were relatively low. To explain this different distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanism of F^- in the groundwater, statistical analysis, including principal component analysis, was used based on the hydrochemical data of groundwater samples in this region. The results showed that the concentration of F^- in groundwater was generally low due to the climatic and geological factors in the region. The high-F^- groundwater was mainly distributed in the marsh lands of the front and central regions of the basin. The concentration of F^- was high in shallow and low in deep unconfined aquifers, controlled by an upward recharge from deep confined aquifer. The groundwater runoff was relatively short and the groundwater circulation was fast in this region, causing a short interaction time between groundwater and rock. In addition, the deep confined aquifer of the plain was recharged from the groundwater in the mountainous area by an upward hydraulic gradient flow, which further replenished the upper shallow unconfined aquifer. Thus, the evaporation and concentration process was very weak in this recharge mode. The concentration of F^- in the groundwater was mainly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals in the sedimentary strata in the piedmont alluvial-pluvial fan, with rock weathering, concentration by evaporation, cation exchange, and competitive adsorption as the main influencing factors.

Key words: Tacheng Basin, groundwater, fluoride spatial distribution, origin, ion ratio, principal component analysis

CLC Number:

LÜ Xiaoli, LIU Jingtao, ZHOU Bing, ZHU Liang, ZHANG Yuxi. Distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanism of fluoride in the shallow aquifer of the Tacheng Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 426-436.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Distribution of fluoride concentrations in the groundwater of the Tacheng Basin

Fig.2 Hydrogeological profile (A-B) of the study area

Table 1 Groundwater fluoride concentrations and hydrochemical characteristics for different geographic locations

样品情况及指标参数值类型			ρ/(mg·L^-1)									pH
样品情况及指标参数值类型			F^-	TDS	总硬度	$HCO 3 -$	$SO 4 2 -$	Cl^-	Mg²⁺	K⁺+Na⁺	Ca²⁺	pH
标准值			1	1 000	450		250	250	50	200	400	6.5~8.5
潜水	山前 (n=25)	最小值	ND	198.0	143.6	172.8	10.92	0.35	6.16	6.16	41.72	7.12
		最大值	3.10	1 116.0	552.4	471.2	511.80	114.30	36.79	205.60	176.90	8.47
		平均值	0.89	507.7	272.1	253.5	156.95	27.68	19.04	68.76	77.56	7.68
		超标率/%	32	8	12		20	0	0	4	0	0
	平原区 (n=46)	最小值	ND	161.6	120.6	78.5	14.30	0.40	4.40	6.14	41.00	6.93
		最大值	4.70	3 881.0	1 237.0	519.5	2 082.00	404.41	130.10	770.80	281.10	8.21
		平均值	0.60	793.9	401.7	275.00	305.00	48.60	31.00	109.40	109.70	7.50
		超标率/%	4.3	21.3	29.8		40.4	2.1	8.5	14.9	0	0
承压水	平原区 (n=9)	最小值	0.16	228.4	165.6	158.30	34.49	1.05	9.06	9.38	45.32	7.59
		最大值	0.90	1 289.0	528.4	277.90	533.30	184.60	44.67	236.70	137.90	8.01
		平均值	0.39	478.5	252.7	208.50	145.98	40.90	20.04	66.20	68.11	7.81
		超标率/%	0	9	9		18	0	0	9	0	0

Table 1 Groundwater fluoride concentrations and hydrochemical characteristics for different geographic locations

样品情况及指标参数值类型			ρ/(mg·L^-1)									pH
样品情况及指标参数值类型			F^-	TDS	总硬度	$HCO 3 -$	$SO 4 2 -$	Cl^-	Mg²⁺	K⁺+Na⁺	Ca²⁺	pH
标准值			1	1 000	450		250	250	50	200	400	6.5~8.5
潜水	山前 (n=25)	最小值	ND	198.0	143.6	172.8	10.92	0.35	6.16	6.16	41.72	7.12
		最大值	3.10	1 116.0	552.4	471.2	511.80	114.30	36.79	205.60	176.90	8.47
		平均值	0.89	507.7	272.1	253.5	156.95	27.68	19.04	68.76	77.56	7.68
		超标率/%	32	8	12		20	0	0	4	0	0
	平原区 (n=46)	最小值	ND	161.6	120.6	78.5	14.30	0.40	4.40	6.14	41.00	6.93
		最大值	4.70	3 881.0	1 237.0	519.5	2 082.00	404.41	130.10	770.80	281.10	8.21
		平均值	0.60	793.9	401.7	275.00	305.00	48.60	31.00	109.40	109.70	7.50
		超标率/%	4.3	21.3	29.8		40.4	2.1	8.5	14.9	0	0
承压水	平原区 (n=9)	最小值	0.16	228.4	165.6	158.30	34.49	1.05	9.06	9.38	45.32	7.59
		最大值	0.90	1 289.0	528.4	277.90	533.30	184.60	44.67	236.70	137.90	8.01
		平均值	0.39	478.5	252.7	208.50	145.98	40.90	20.04	66.20	68.11	7.81
		超标率/%	0	9	9		18	0	0	9	0	0

Fig.3 Piper plots of groundwater samples from the plain area and alluvial pluvial fan

Fig.4 Relationship between the F- concentration and groundwater depth

Fig.5 Relationship between the F- concentration and pH in groundwater

Fig.6 Relationship between the F- concentration and TDS in groundwater

Fig.7 Correlation of F- and Ca2+ (a), Mg2+ (b), Cl- (c) or SO 4 2 - (d) concentrations in groundwater

Fig.8 Relationship between the F- concentration and ρ(Na+)/(ρ(Na+)+ρ(Ca2+)) in groundwater

Fig.9 Relationship between the F- and HCO 3 - concentrations in groundwater

Fig.10 Relationship between F- concentration and fluorite (a) or calcite (b) saturation index

Fig.11 Relationship between the F- and Ca2+ activities in groundwater

Fig.12 Gibbs diagrams of groundwater

Fig.13 correlation between the chloroalkaline indices CA1 and CA2 of groundwater

Table 2 Principal component analysis of the major ions in groundwater of the Tacheng Basin

水质参数		各主成分相关关系
水质参数		PC1	PC2	PC3
	Na⁺	0.945	0.233	0.076
	Cl^-	0.940	0.111	0.110
	$SO 4 2 -$	0.935	0.253	0.155
	TDS	0.921	0.334	0.151
浓度	Mg²⁺	0.845	0.395	0.176
	F^-	0.735	-0.062	-0.345
	Ca²⁺	0.730	0.527	0.224
	$HCO 3 -$	0.275	0.841	-0.083
	偏硅酸	0.138	0.112	0.928
pH		-0.107	-0.830	-0.239
特征值		6.370	1.408	0.892
方差贡献率/%		53.912	20.876	11.901
累计贡献率/%		53.912	74.788	86.689

Table 2 Principal component analysis of the major ions in groundwater of the Tacheng Basin

水质参数		各主成分相关关系
水质参数		PC1	PC2	PC3
	Na⁺	0.945	0.233	0.076
	Cl^-	0.940	0.111	0.110
	$SO 4 2 -$	0.935	0.253	0.155
	TDS	0.921	0.334	0.151
浓度	Mg²⁺	0.845	0.395	0.176
	F^-	0.735	-0.062	-0.345
	Ca²⁺	0.730	0.527	0.224
	$HCO 3 -$	0.275	0.841	-0.083
	偏硅酸	0.138	0.112	0.928
pH		-0.107	-0.830	-0.239
特征值		6.370	1.408	0.892
方差贡献率/%		53.912	20.876	11.901
累计贡献率/%		53.912	74.788	86.689

References 30

[1]	吴初, 武雄, 张艳帅, 等. 秦皇岛牛心山高氟地下水分布特征及成因[J]. 地学前缘, 2018,25(4):307-315.
[2]	朱其顺, 许光泉. 中国地下水氟污染的现状及研究进展[J]. 环境科学与管理, 2009,34(1):42-51.
[3]	MEENAKSHI G V K, KAVITAL R M A. Groundwater quality in some villages of Garyana, India: focus on fluoride and fluorosis[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004,106(1):55-58. DOI URL
[4]	中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 生活饮用水卫生标准: GB 5749—2006[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2006.
[5]	FORDYCE F M, VRANA K, ZHOVINSKY E, et al. A health risk assessment for fluoride in Central Europe[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2007,29(2):83-102. DOI URL
[6]	任福弘, 曾溅辉, 刘文生, 等. 高氟地下水的水文地球化学环境及赋存形式与地氟病患病率的关系: 以华北平原为例[J]. 地球学报, 1996,17(1):85-96.
[7]	杨诺. 配体交换絮凝剂的制备及其从含氟水中除氟研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2011.
[8]	张超杰, 周琪. 含氟水治理研究进展[J]. 给水排水, 2002,28(12):26-29.
[9]	韩占涛, 张发旺, 桂建业, 等. 盐池地区高氟地下水成因与低氟水找水方向研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2009,23(12):151-156.
[10]	朱亮, 孙继朝, 刘景涛, 等. 兰州市地下水氟分布规律及影响因素分析[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2015,38(4):144-148.
[11]	曾溅辉. 氟的水文地球化学行为及其数值模拟: 以河北邢台山前平原浅层地下水系统为例[D]. 北京: 中国地质科学院, 1994.
[12]	何锦, 张福存, 韩双宝, 等. 中国北方高氟地下水分布特征和成因分析[J]. 中国地质, 2010,37(3):621-626.
[13]	LI X Q, HOU X W, ZHOU Z C, et al . Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Taiyuan basin, China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2011,62(8), 1635-1642. DOI URL
[14]	GUO Q H, WANG Y X, GUO Q S. Hydrogeochemical genesis of groundwater with abnormal fluoride concentrations from Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province, central China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2010,60(3), 633-642. DOI URL
[15]	邢丽娜. 华北平原典型剖面上地下水化学特征和水文地球化学过程[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2012.
[16]	孙述海. 吉林西部氟中毒区地氟病与水文地球化学关系的研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2012.
[17]	VIKAS C, KUSHWAHA R, AHMAD W, et al. Genesis and geochemistry of high fluoride bearing groundwater from a semi-arid terrain of NW India[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2013,68(1):289-305. DOI URL
[18]	王根绪, 程国栋. 西北干旱区水中氟的分布规律及环境特征[J]. 地理科学, 2000,20(2):153-159.
[19]	孙相灿, 杜小弟, 张林, 等. 塔城盆地烃源岩特征及勘探潜力分析[J]. 中国矿业, 2017,26(2):162-169.
[20]	胡卫忠. 新疆塔城盆地地下水资源评价及开发利用[J]. 干旱区地理, 1987,10(2):31-36.
[21]	孙继朝, 刘景涛. 地表水地下水定深采样器: 200720100866.5[P]. 2007-03-27.
[22]	国家技术监督局. 饮用天然矿泉水检验方法: GB/T 8538—1995[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1996.
[23]	毛若愚, 郭华明, 贾永锋, 等. 内蒙古河套盆地含氟地下水分布特点及成因[J]. 地学前缘, 2016,23(2):260-268.
[24]	吕晓立, 刘景涛, 周冰, 等. 塔城盆地地下水“三氮”污染特征及成因[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2019,46(2):46-54.
[25]	国家环境保护总局, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 地表水环境质量标准: GB 3838—2002[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2002.
[26]	文振旺. 新疆维吾尔自治区土壤地理区划[J]. 土壤学报, 1962,10(4):323-339.
[27]	余素华, 文启忠. 新疆北部地区第四纪沉积地球化学特征[J]. 地球化学, 1991(1):56-63.
[28]	KARTHIKEYAN M, SATHEESH K K, ELANGO K P. Conducting polymer/alumina composites as viable adsorbents for the re-moval of fluoride ions from aqueous solution[J]. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 2009,130(10):894-901. DOI URL
[29]	GUO H M, ZHANG Y, XING L N, et al. Spatial variation in arsenic and fluoride concentrations of shallow groundwater from the town of Shahai in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2012,27(11):2187-2196. DOI URL
[30]	SCHOLLER H. Qualitative evaluation of groundwater resource: methods and techniques of groundwater investigation and development[J]. Water Research, 1967,33:44-52.