Rapid detection and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in typical urban waters in northern cities of China

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.4.14

Abstract

Abstract:

Certain phenolic compounds, such as bisphenol A and alkylphenols, are recognized endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and emerging contaminants of global concern. They exhibit teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health. This study analyzed ten phenolic EDCs in 33 water samples (surface water, groundwater, leachate) from three North China cities using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-LIT-MS). Detection frequencies were 72% (surface water), 35% (groundwater), and 89% (leachate). Bisphenol A (BPA) reached maximum concentrations of 622ng/L (surface water), 21.8ng/L (groundwater), and 753ng/L (leachate). Ecological risk assessment for specific EDCs via the U.S. EPA risk quotient (RQ) method indicated high risk in surface water but low risk in groundwater. Pollutant profiles showed significant correlations between surface water and groundwater across cities, with consistent concentration trends suggesting potential contamination via surface water infiltration. Continuous monitoring of phenolic EDCs in groundwater is essential to assess their environmental persistence and health impacts.

Key words: phenolic compounds, emerging contaminants, groundwater, landfill leachate, ecological risk assessment

CLC Number:

HUANG Yi, DONG Xuan, MA Zhiyuan, TIAN Xizhao, ZHU Shuai, ZHU Yun. Rapid detection and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in typical urban waters in northern cities of China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(4): 353-362.

Figures/Tables 8

References 43

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标准编号	标准名称	检出限
HJ 1192—2021	水质 9种烷基酚类化合物和双酚A的测定固相萃取/高效液相色谱法	40~60 ng/L
(EU) 2018/213	食品接触用清漆和涂料中双酚A的测定	0.05 mg/kg
GB/T 5009.99—2003	食品容器及包装材料用聚碳酸酯树脂卫生标准的分析方法	0.05 mg/kg
美国EPA	环境水体中烷基酚的测定	20~70 ng/L
本方法	水体中10种酚类内分泌干扰物的测定	1~2 ng/L

标准编号	标准名称	检出限
HJ 1192—2021	水质 9种烷基酚类化合物和双酚A的测定固相萃取/高效液相色谱法	40~60 ng/L
(EU) 2018/213	食品接触用清漆和涂料中双酚A的测定	0.05 mg/kg
GB/T 5009.99—2003	食品容器及包装材料用聚碳酸酯树脂卫生标准的分析方法	0.05 mg/kg
美国EPA	环境水体中烷基酚的测定	20~70 ng/L
本方法	水体中10种酚类内分泌干扰物的测定	1~2 ng/L

物质名称	酚类化合物浓度/(ng·L^-1)
	S市(n=9)			X市(n=13)						Y市(n=10)
	最大值	最小值	平均值		最大值		最小值		平均值		最大值		最小值		平均值
4-叔丁基苯酚	753	<2.00	89.1	622		6.30		161		537		18.6		78.2
4-丁基苯酚	16.7	<1.00	1.86	33.7		<1.00		7.94		22.2		<1.00		2.82
4-叔辛基苯酚	1.39	<1.00	0.15	1.05		<1.00		<1.00		4.25		<1.00		0.42
4-戊基苯酚	15.1	<1.00	1.84	5.69		<1.00		1.55		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-己基苯酚	<1.00	<1.00	<1.00	1.41		<1.00		0.30		9.77		<1.00		0.98
4-庚基苯酚	<1.00	<1.00	<1.00	3.50		<1.00		0.27		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-辛基苯酚	48.0	<1.00	5.33	2.76		<1.00		0.41		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-n-壬基酚	11.1	<1.00	1.23	<1.00		<1.00		<1.00		16.7		<1.00		2.25
壬基酚	23.5	<1.00	2.61	6.88		<1.00		0.89		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
双酚A	525	<1.00	59.0	710		<1.00		56.5		236		<1.00		24.9

物质名称	酚类化合物浓度/(ng·L^-1)
	S市(n=9)			X市(n=13)						Y市(n=10)
	最大值	最小值	平均值		最大值		最小值		平均值		最大值		最小值		平均值
4-叔丁基苯酚	753	<2.00	89.1	622		6.30		161		537		18.6		78.2
4-丁基苯酚	16.7	<1.00	1.86	33.7		<1.00		7.94		22.2		<1.00		2.82
4-叔辛基苯酚	1.39	<1.00	0.15	1.05		<1.00		<1.00		4.25		<1.00		0.42
4-戊基苯酚	15.1	<1.00	1.84	5.69		<1.00		1.55		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-己基苯酚	<1.00	<1.00	<1.00	1.41		<1.00		0.30		9.77		<1.00		0.98
4-庚基苯酚	<1.00	<1.00	<1.00	3.50		<1.00		0.27		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-辛基苯酚	48.0	<1.00	5.33	2.76		<1.00		0.41		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-n-壬基酚	11.1	<1.00	1.23	<1.00		<1.00		<1.00		16.7		<1.00		2.25
壬基酚	23.5	<1.00	2.61	6.88		<1.00		0.89		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
双酚A	525	<1.00	59.0	710		<1.00		56.5		236		<1.00		24.9