Characteristics of mineral element distribution, geological origins, and health risk assessment of loquat fruits from Dongshan and Xishan of Suzhou

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.4.90

Abstract

Abstract:

Dongshan and Xishan in Suzhou are China’s primary loquat production regions. Investigating the distribution and differentiation of mineral elements in loquat fruits from these areas and evaluating health risks associated with loquat consumption are crucial for improving fruit quality and ensuring food safety. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed significant differences in elemental composition between fruits from the two regions. Selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn) contents were higher in Xishan fruits, whereas magnesium (Mg) and copper (Cu) were higher in Dongshan fruits. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) indicated a close relationship between fruit and local soil elemental contents, with distinct correlation patterns between regions: In Xishan: Fruit Zn showed positive correlations with soil Mg, Mn, and Ni, but a negative correlation with soil I; Fruit Mn was positively correlated with soil Mn and Cu, and negatively correlated with soil I, Cd, and Cr. In Dongshan: Fruit Zn showed positive correlations with soil Ca, Mn, and As, but negative correlations with soil Cu and Cd; Fruit Mn was positively correlated with soil Ni, Cd, and As, and negatively correlated with soil Zn and Cr. The two regions lie within the Guanshan Formation (Xishan) and Maoshan Formation (Dongshan), respectively. The distinct parent materials of these geological formations are likely the fundamental cause of the observed elemental differences in loquat fruits. Heavy metal contents in fruits from both regions complied with GB 2762—2022 limits, with both the target hazard quotient (THQ) and potential carcinogenic risk index (CRI) well below safety thresholds. Local soils met the environmental quality standards for green food production areas, supporting loquat cultivation for green food. These findings provide a scientific basis for loquat cultivation planning and elemental regulation in Suzhou.

Key words: loquat, soil elements, fruit elements, partial least squares method, health risk assessment

CLC Number:

X173
X142

ZHAO Hu, GUO Feng, ZHAN Nan, LIU Siwen, JING Zhangwei, YUAN Hongfei, YU Tingting, ZHANG Xin, ZHU Yun, WANG Lei. Characteristics of mineral element distribution, geological origins, and health risk assessment of loquat fruits from Dongshan and Xishan of Suzhou[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(4): 363-375.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Illustration of sampling point distribution in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province

Table 1 Statistics of soil element content in two loquat producing areas

产区	CaO含量及标准差(SD)/%				MgO含量及标准差(SD)/%				TFe₂O₃含量及标准差(SD)/%
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.10	0.06	0.04	0.26	0.38	0.05	0.29	0.47	3.55	0.53	2.40	4.35
东山	0.75	0.02	0.73	0.78	1.01	0.05	0.94	1.09	5.76	0.31	5.35	6.15
产区	Co含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mo含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	9.31	2.78	5.31	18.70	399.6	152.6	172.0	858.0	0.83	0.14	0.61	1.14
东山	15.89	1.17	14.50	17.90	617.4	112.2	457.0	726.0	0.34	0.03	0.29	0.38
产区	Cu含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				V含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ni含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	17.47	3.77	11.10	28.40	62.16	10.43	38.90	81.20	20.96	8.56	13.20	62.10
东山	27.43	1.28	25.90	29.80	103.7	2.69	101.0	108.0	37.70	1.67	34.90	40.20
产区	Zn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Se含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ge含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	46.17	6.56	34.80	63.80	1.33	0.58	0.29	2.95	1.34	0.09	1.06	1.46
东山	62.19	1.47	59.80	64.10	0.12	0.02	0.09	0.14	1.63	0.04	1.58	1.70
产区	I含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Pb含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cd含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	6.32	1.12	3.90	8.14	27.42	4.06	18.50	36.90	0.09	0.06	—	0.23
东山	1.38	0.32	0.95	1.75	25.57	0.74	25.00	27.10	0.08	0.02	0.05	0.10
产区	Hg含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				As含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cr含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.08	0.04	0.04	0.23	10.20	1.64	6.85	13.60	51.33	6.57	34.10	61.80
东山	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.04	12.11	0.71	11.20	13.00	76.13	2.22	73.10	78.80

Table 1 Statistics of soil element content in two loquat producing areas

产区	CaO含量及标准差(SD)/%				MgO含量及标准差(SD)/%				TFe₂O₃含量及标准差(SD)/%
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.10	0.06	0.04	0.26	0.38	0.05	0.29	0.47	3.55	0.53	2.40	4.35
东山	0.75	0.02	0.73	0.78	1.01	0.05	0.94	1.09	5.76	0.31	5.35	6.15
产区	Co含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mo含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	9.31	2.78	5.31	18.70	399.6	152.6	172.0	858.0	0.83	0.14	0.61	1.14
东山	15.89	1.17	14.50	17.90	617.4	112.2	457.0	726.0	0.34	0.03	0.29	0.38
产区	Cu含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				V含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ni含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	17.47	3.77	11.10	28.40	62.16	10.43	38.90	81.20	20.96	8.56	13.20	62.10
东山	27.43	1.28	25.90	29.80	103.7	2.69	101.0	108.0	37.70	1.67	34.90	40.20
产区	Zn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Se含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ge含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	46.17	6.56	34.80	63.80	1.33	0.58	0.29	2.95	1.34	0.09	1.06	1.46
东山	62.19	1.47	59.80	64.10	0.12	0.02	0.09	0.14	1.63	0.04	1.58	1.70
产区	I含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Pb含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cd含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	6.32	1.12	3.90	8.14	27.42	4.06	18.50	36.90	0.09	0.06	—	0.23
东山	1.38	0.32	0.95	1.75	25.57	0.74	25.00	27.10	0.08	0.02	0.05	0.10
产区	Hg含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				As含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cr含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.08	0.04	0.04	0.23	10.20	1.64	6.85	13.60	51.33	6.57	34.10	61.80
东山	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.04	12.11	0.71	11.20	13.00	76.13	2.22	73.10	78.80

Table 2 Statistics of fruit element content in two loquat producing areas

产区	Ca含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mg含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Fe含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	104.0	43.56	49.90	218.0	90.79	26.60	56.20	153.0	—	—	—	—
东山	213.3	97.61	118.0	368.0	197.4	41.91	151.0	283.0	—	—	—	—
产区	Co含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mo含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.087	0.043	0.03	0.23	3.11	1.36	1.24	7.72	—	—	—	—
东山	0.006	0.002	—	0.01	1.52	0.23	1.04	1.73	0.008	0.006	—	0.02
产区	Cu含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				V含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ni含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.41	0.14	0.22	0.98	—	—	—	—	0.25	0.08	0.13	0.47
东山	0.94	0.30	0.47	1.34	—	—	—	—	0.29	0.10	0.17	0.43
产区	Zn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Se含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ge含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	1.03	0.34	0.65	2.24	0.07	0.03	0.02	0.13	—	—	—	—
东山	1.16	0.26	0.83	1.67	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
产区	I含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Pb含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cd含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.06	0.05	0.02	0.19	0.01	0.02	—	0.14	0.021	0.011	—	0.05
东山	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.06	—	—	—	—	0.015	0.009	—	0.03
产区	Hg含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				As含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cr含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.001	0.000 3	—	0.001	0.021	0.01	—	0.03	0.033	0.012	0.01	0.07
东山	0.002	0.001	—	0.002	0.033	0.008	0.02	0.04	0.039	0.019	0.02	0.06

Table 2 Statistics of fruit element content in two loquat producing areas

产区	Ca含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mg含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Fe含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	104.0	43.56	49.90	218.0	90.79	26.60	56.20	153.0	—	—	—	—
东山	213.3	97.61	118.0	368.0	197.4	41.91	151.0	283.0	—	—	—	—
产区	Co含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Mo含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.087	0.043	0.03	0.23	3.11	1.36	1.24	7.72	—	—	—	—
东山	0.006	0.002	—	0.01	1.52	0.23	1.04	1.73	0.008	0.006	—	0.02
产区	Cu含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				V含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ni含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.41	0.14	0.22	0.98	—	—	—	—	0.25	0.08	0.13	0.47
东山	0.94	0.30	0.47	1.34	—	—	—	—	0.29	0.10	0.17	0.43
产区	Zn含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Se含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Ge含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	1.03	0.34	0.65	2.24	0.07	0.03	0.02	0.13	—	—	—	—
东山	1.16	0.26	0.83	1.67	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
产区	I含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Pb含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cd含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.06	0.05	0.02	0.19	0.01	0.02	—	0.14	0.021	0.011	—	0.05
东山	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.06	—	—	—	—	0.015	0.009	—	0.03
产区	Hg含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				As含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)				Cr含量及标准差(SD)/(μg·g^-1)
产区	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max	$X ¯$	SD	Min	Max
西山	0.001	0.000 3	—	0.001	0.021	0.01	—	0.03	0.033	0.012	0.01	0.07
东山	0.002	0.001	—	0.002	0.033	0.008	0.02	0.04	0.039	0.019	0.02	0.06

Fig.2 Score plot of OPLS-DA

Fig.3 Permutation plot of OPLS-DA

Fig.4 S-plot of variable contribution of OPLS-DA

Table 3 Correlation coefficients between soil elements and fruit elements in two loquat producing areas

土壤元素	产区	枇杷果实元素与土壤元素的相关系数
土壤元素	产区	Ca	Mg	Mn	Cu	Ni	Zn	I	Cd	As	Cr
CaO	西山	0.146	0.062	0.113	-0.169	-0.228	-0.053	-0.165	0.211	0.40^*	-0.102
CaO	东山	0.180	0.77^*	-0.088	0.331	0.161	0.548	0.011	-0.129	0.000	0.052
MgO	西山	-0.305	-0.361	-0.272	0.176	-0.226	-0.274	-0.113	-0.476	-0.044	0.126
MgO	东山	0.351	-0.418	0.156	-0.309	-0.345	-0.182	-0.003	0.214	0.238	-0.137
Mn	西山	0.37^*	0.156	0.284	-0.024	0.173	0.292	-0.223	0.36^*	0.354	-0.263
Mn	东山	0.301	0.385	-0.431	0.358	0.311	0.463	0.670	0.730	0.682	0.576
Cu	西山	0.137	-0.029	0.147	0.051	-0.228	-0.006	-0.041	-0.122	0.080	-0.046
Cu	东山	0.653	-0.249	0.054	-0.537	-0.425	-0.267	-0.060	-0.279	0.336	0.016
Ni	西山	0.003	0.086	0.024	0.36^*	0.142	0.182	-0.132	-0.160	-0.052	-0.205
Ni	东山	0.416	-0.318	0.271	-0.436	-0.352	-0.208	0.055	0.107	0.132	-0.027
Zn	西山	0.059	-0.248	0.032	0.045	-0.215	-0.059	-0.143	-0.089	0.42^*	-0.046
Zn	东山	0.603	0.101	-0.274	-0.128	-0.140	0.124	0.318	0.214	0.619	0.321
I	西山	-0.303	-0.200	-0.423	0.152	0.032	-0.252	-0.004	-0.111	0.163	0.029
I	东山	0.328	0.242	-0.220	0.281	0.407	0.324	0.584	0.719	0.631	0.512
Cd	西山	0.208	0.039	0.152	-0.121	-0.217	0.035	-0.073	0.375	0.52^*	0.133
Cd	东山	-0.235	0.519	-0.230	0.230	0.561	0.242	0.82^*	0.597	0.034	0.09^**
As	西山	-0.080	-0.243	-0.191	0.294	0.058	-0.081	0.000	-0.136	0.071	-0.165
As	东山	0.579	0.206	0.051	0.343	0.386	0.400	0.197	0.436	0.672	0.064
Cr	西山	-0.108	-0.325	-0.285	0.158	0.029	-0.213	-0.048	-0.121	0.030	-0.177
Cr	东山	0.208	-0.363	-0.276	0.007	-0.220	-0.024	0.093	0.440	0.512	-0.063

Table 4 Variable importance for projection (VIP) of soil elements affecting fruit elements in two loquat producing areas

土壤元素	产区	影响枇杷果实元素的土壤元素VIP值
土壤元素	产区	Ca	Mg	Mn	Cu	Ni	Zn	I	Cd	As	Cr
CaO	西山	1.108^*	0.292	0.870	0.824	1.213^*	0.804	1.246^*	0.959	1.431^*	0.730
CaO	东山	1.296^*	2.009^*	0.453	1.036^*	0.581	1.882^*	0.400	0.380	0.739	0.592
MgO	西山	1.383^*	1.188^*	0.938	0.966	1.106^*	1.126^*	0.582	1.739^*	0.889	0.627
MgO	东山	0.698	0.996	0.860	0.874	0.963	0.649	0.489	0.622	0.746	0.545
Mn	西山	1.800^*	0.721	1.278^*	0.378	1.908^*	1.620^*	1.917^*	1.380^*	1.263^*	2.005^*
Mn	东山	0.638	0.982	1.555^*	1.099^*	0.833	1.278^*	1.430^*	1.454^*	1.250^*	1.261^*
Cu	西山	0.785	0.847	1.225^*	0.562	1.185^*	0.788	1.087^*	0.373	0.933	1.725^*
Cu	东山	1.413^*	0.788	0.660	1.654^*	1.346^*	1.219^*	0.880	1.239^*	0.701	0.483
Ni	西山	0.623	1.491^*	0.842	2.023^*	1.126^*	1.624^*	1.187^*	0.720	0.515	1.219^*
Ni	东山	0.848	0.764	1.620^*	1.158^*	1.026^*	0.647	0.536	0.629	1.072^*	0.430
Zn	西山	0.382	1.085^*	0.512	0.573	1.038^*	0.285	0.863	0.717	1.413^*	1.197^*
Zn	东山	1.150^*	0.381	1.161^*	0.498	0.816	0.508	0.797	0.723	1.124^*	0.767
I	西山	1.261^*	0.877	1.672^*	0.716	0.401	1.490^*	0.452	0.878	1.129^*	1.137^*
I	东山	0.657	0.623	0.787	0.869	1.099^*	0.867	1.208^*	1.410^*	1.100^*	1.115^*
Cd	西山	0.971	0.394	1.205^*	0.733	0.977	0.807	1.255^*	1.133^*	1.711^*	0.730
Cd	东山	1.174^*	1.332^*	1.008^*	0.995	1.418^*	1.277^*	2.037^*	1.560^*	1.004^*	2.249^*
As	西山	0.680	1.116^*	0.748	1.393^*	0.711	0.662	1.031^*	0.994	0.414	0.589
As	东山	1.345^*	0.837	1.293^*	1.272^*	1.355^*	1.387^*	0.830	0.826	1.301^*	0.907
Cr	西山	0.733	1.510^*	1.027^*	0.975	0.394	0.892	0.596	1.132^*	0.229	0.875
Cr	东山	0.691	0.848	1.814^*	0.631	0.709	0.484	0.434	0.846	1.108^*	0.380

Table 5 Regression equation of major soil elements affecting fruit elements in two loquat producing areas

枇杷果实元素	产区	回归方程	自变量解释度(R²X)	因变量解释度(R²Y)
Ca	西山	y=172.844-197.066X₁-162.115X₂+0.119X₃-6.842X₇	0.89	0.23
Ca	东山	y=-4 429.569+3 073.871X₁+39.705X₄+25.707X₆-3 859.600X₈+83.652X₉	0.95	1.00
Mg	西山	y=176.776+156.672X₂+1.007X₅-2.156X₆-12.208X₉-0.362X₁₀	0.88	0.37
Mg	东山	y=-1 021.867+1 982.974X₁-49.560X₈	0.96	1.00
Mn	西山	y=5.808+0.009X₃+0.299X₄-0.574X₇-34.468X₈-0.137X₁₀	0.87	0.60
Mn	东山	y=7.804+0.137X₅-0.118X₆+3.568X₈+0.241X₉-0.099X₁₀	0.96	1.00
Cu	西山	y=0.306+0.005X₅+0.039X₉	0.89	0.18
Cu	东山	y=-3.240+9.575X₁+0.001X₃-0.149X₄-0.041X₅+0.255X₉	0.97	1.00
Ni	西山	y=0.401-0.486X₁-0.747X₂+0.000 3X₃-0.004X₄+0.001X₅-0.004X₆	0.91	0.38
Ni	东山	y=2.571-0.054X₄+0.021X₅+0.113X₇+2.376X₈+0.106X₉	0.95	1.00
Zn	西山	y=1.917+1.121X₂+0.002X₃+0.005X₅-0.118X₇	0.88	0.51
Zn	东山	y=-8.147+12.731X₁+0.001X₃-0.102X₄-4.359X₈+0.233X₉	0.97	1.00
I	西山	y=0.156-0.490X₁-0.000 1X₃-0.002X₄-0.002X₅+0.819X₈+0.030X₉	0.88	0.24
I	东山	y=0.240+0.000 05X₃+0.011X₇+0.827X₈	0.95	1.00
Cd	西山	y=0.043-0.138X₂+0.000 001X₃+0.092X₈+0.001X₁₀	0.89	0.46
Cd	东山	y=0.071+0.000 02X₃-0.004X₄+0.008X₇+0.301X₈	0.99	0.99
As	西山	y=0.019-0.051X₁-0.000X₃+0.001X₆+0.005X₇+0.183X₈	0.88	0.60
As	东山	y=-0.290+0.000 02X₃-0.003X₅+0.003X₆+0.003X₇-0.270X₈+0.003X₉+0.002X₁₀	0.95	1.00
Cr	西山	y=0.038-0.00X₃+0.001X₄+0.000X₅+0.001X₆-0.001X₇	0.89	0.38
Cr	东山	y=0.320+0.000 05X₃+0.010X₇+0.933X₈	0.95	1.00

Table 6 The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the fruits from the two major loquat production areas

枇杷果实元素	目标危害商(THQ)			潜在致癌风险(CR)
枇杷果实元素	西山	东山		西山	东山
AS	0.400 0	0.628 6		0.180 0×10^-9	0.282 9×10^-9
Cd	0.120 0	0.085 7		0.732 0×10^-9	0.522 9×10^-9
Cr	0.000 1	0.000 1		0.094 3×10^-9	0.111 4×10^-9
Cu	0.058 6	0.134 3		—	—
Hg	0.019 0	0.038 1		—	—
Ni	0.071 4	0.082 9		—	—
Pb	0.015 9	0.000 0		0.000 5×10^-9	0.000 0
Zn	0.019 6	0.022 1		—	—
TTHQ	0.704 7	0.991 8	CRT	1.006 8×10^-9	0.917 1×10^-9

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