Processes and mechanism of lithospheric thinning in the eastern North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous: Evidence from the Beidashan pluton, Liaoning Province

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.9.2

Abstract

Abstract:

The North China Craton (NCC) experienced pervasive lithospheric thinning in the Early Cretaceous, but the thinning process and thinning mechanism are still controversial. To shine a new light on the thinning events this paper focuses on the Beidashan Pluton of Liaoning Province, eastern NCC to conduct detailed field geological survey, combined with laboratory research including petrographical, geochemical, U-Pb zircon chronological and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses, so as to explore the formation age, source area and petrogenesis of the Beidashan pluton. The lithology of the Beidashan pluton is porphyritic biotite monzogranite which has a weighted mean age of 117.1±1.4 Ma by zircon U-Pb dating. The quasi peraluminous porphyritic biotite monzogranite is rich in silicon (69.15%-69.87%) and alkali (8.46%-8.66%) and poor in magnesium (0.80%-0.90%) and calcium (2.03%-2.04%), and is enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) (Rb, Th, K, Ba) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) (Nb, Ta, Ti). The rare earth element (REE) pattern is right-leaning, showing a steep linear slope for light REE (LREE) and flattening of heavy REE (HREE). The zircon saturation temperature of granite melt (763.14-768.87℃) is clearly lower than that of A-type granite (> 800 ℃). The above characteristics generally represent high-k, calc-alkaline I-type granitoids. Zircon ε_Hf(t) values range from -21.49 to -19.04, and the two-stage Hf model ages (t_DM2) range between 2536-2383 Ma, indicating the monzogranite is mainly derived from partial melting of Paleproterozoic ancient basaltic crust. According to the chronological and petrogeochemical analyses, the Beidashan pluton was formed under regional extensional environment caused by slab roll-back of the paleo-Pacific plate during the Early Cretaceous, and the upwelling asthenosphere caused large-scale delamination of the deep lithosphere of the North China Craton resulting in lithospheric thinning.

Key words: porphyaceous biotite monzonitic granite, geochemistry, geochronology, Lu-Hf isotope, lithospheric thinning, Beidashan pluton

CLC Number:

LUO Niangang, GAO Lianfeng, ZHANG Zhenguo, YIN Zhigang, CUI Jianyu, WU Junfei, XING Jie, DING Kai, GAO Chenyang, WANG Yue. Processes and mechanism of lithospheric thinning in the eastern North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous: Evidence from the Beidashan pluton, Liaoning Province[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 340-365.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig.1 Tectonic sketch map of the North China Craton showing Early Cretaceous extensional structures (a) and distribution map of Mesozoic intrusions in the Liaodong Peninsula (b). a modified after [57].

Fig.2 Geological sketch map of the Beidashan pluton in Benxi area, eastern Liaoning Province

Fig.3 Representative granite specimen from the Beidashan pluton (a) and minerals in the specimen under microscopy (b)

Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb data of granite samples

Fig.4 Representative CL images of zircons (a) and zircon U-Pb Concordia diagram (b) for granite samples

Table 2 Major and trace element compositions of granite samples

样品号	w_B/10^-2
样品号	SiO₂	TiO₂				Al₂O₃			Fe₂O₃			FeO				CaO			MgO			MnO				K₂O		Na₂O				P₂O₅			LOI				Total
BDS-1	69.15	0.39				15.39			1.09			1.35				2.04			0.9			0.04				4.19		4.48				0.149 9			0.43				99.75
BDS-2	69.19	0.39				15.38			1.08			1.35				2.04			0.89			0.04				4.2		4.46				0.148 2			0.44				99.76
BDS-3	69.43	0.39				15.38			0.96			1.35				2.03			0.85			0.04				4.14		4.45				0.146 1			0.44				99.75
BDS-4	69.5	0.38				15.35			0.94			1.35				2.03			0.84			0.04				4.13		4.45				0.145 7			0.44				99.75
BDS-5	69.87	0.38				15.17			0.91			1.35				2.04			0.8			0.04				4.02		4.44				0.147 5			0.44				99.76
样品号	w_B/10^-2							Mg^#					AR				σ				A/NK				A/CNK				DI				SI				T_Zr/℃
样品号	TFeO			K₂O+Na₂O				Mg^#					AR				σ				A/NK				A/CNK				DI				SI				T_Zr/℃
BDS-1	2.33			8.66				22.88					2.98				2.86				1.294				0.986				84.63				7.48				767.19
BDS-2	2.32			8.65				22.73					2.97				2.85				1.296				0.987				84.65				7.42				768.87
BDS-3	2.22			8.59				22.71					2.95				2.78				1.303				0.992				84.77				7.2				763.14
BDS-4	2.2			8.58				22.65					2.95				2.77				1.302				0.991				84.85				7.14				767.19
BDS-5	2.17			8.46				22.16					2.93				2.65				1.301				0.988				85.08				6.97				765.47
样品号	w_B/10^-6
样品号	La	Ce				Pr			Nd			Sm				Eu			Gd			Tb				Dy		Ho				Er			Tm				Yb
BDS-1	32.9	58.8				6.37			22.5			3.33				0.98			2.67			0.36				1.5		0.26				0.75			0.13				0.74
BDS-2	36.4	63.5				7.13			24.3			3.57				1.04			2.86			0.37				1.52		0.27				0.77			0.13				0.75
BDS-3	27.1	49.2				5.57			19.6			3.03				0.88			2.3			0.32				1.31		0.23				0.64			0.11				0.64
BDS-4	31.2	53.8				6.25			21.8			3.29				0.96			2.58			0.35				1.45		0.25				0.7			0.12				0.68
BDS-5	32.7	56.8				6.52			22.8			3.41				1.01			2.71			0.37				1.52		0.26				0.73			0.12				0.69
样品号	w_B/10^-6																							LREE/HREE						(La/Yb)_N						δEu
样品号	Lu				Y					ΣREE				LREE						HREE				LREE/HREE						(La/Yb)_N						δEu
BDS-1	0.11				8.51					131.32				124.78						6.53				19.1						31.9						1
BDS-2	0.11				8.79					142.71				135.93						6.78				20.06						34.99						1
BDS-3	0.1				6.98					110.93				105.29						5.64				18.68						30.48						1.03
BDS-4	0.1				7.94					123.61				117.37						6.24				18.82						32.81						1.01
BDS-5	0.1				8.28					129.74				123.22						6.52				18.91						33.9						1.01
样品号	w_B/10^-6
样品号	Cu	Pb				Zn			Cr			Ni				Co			Rb			Cs				Sr		Ba				V			Sc				Nb
BDS-1	3.63	1.68				42			6.84			4.65				4.77			108			1.25				569		950				44			2.93				11.5
BDS-2	3.47	1.3				44.1			6.96			5.02				5.06			113			1.26				622		1 031				47.3			3.55				12.8
BDS-3	2.38	0.42				33			9.14			3.86				4.18			92.9			1				523		907				39			4.4				10.4
BDS-4	3.16	0.35				38.1			5.99			3.97				4.44			97.1			1.05				578		989				41			3.77				12
BDS-5	3.25	0.75				37			6.07			4.13				4.33			92.5			1.03				557		918				41.6			3.46				12.2
样品号	w_B/10^-6																						10⁴ Ga/Al				Nb/Ta				Zr/Hf			La/Nb				Th/Nb
样品号	Ta		Zr				Hf				Ga				U			Th					10⁴ Ga/Al				Nb/Ta				Zr/Hf			La/Nb				Th/Nb
BDS-1	1.31		137				4.3				19.1				1.4			10.3					2.43				8.78				31.9			2.86				0.9
BDS-2	1.59		125				3.77				20.7				1.25			10.3					2.64				8.03				33.14			2.85				0.8
BDS-3	1.34		120				3.88				17.4				1.13			8.67					2.22				7.75				31			2.61				0.84
BDS-4	1.25		124				3.85				18.9				1.3			10.3					2.41				9.63				32.32			2.59				0.86
BDS-5	1.43		122				3.82				18.8				1.24			9.85					2.43				8.52				32.07			2.69				0.81

Table 2 Major and trace element compositions of granite samples

样品号	w_B/10^-2
样品号	SiO₂	TiO₂				Al₂O₃			Fe₂O₃			FeO				CaO			MgO			MnO				K₂O		Na₂O				P₂O₅			LOI				Total
BDS-1	69.15	0.39				15.39			1.09			1.35				2.04			0.9			0.04				4.19		4.48				0.149 9			0.43				99.75
BDS-2	69.19	0.39				15.38			1.08			1.35				2.04			0.89			0.04				4.2		4.46				0.148 2			0.44				99.76
BDS-3	69.43	0.39				15.38			0.96			1.35				2.03			0.85			0.04				4.14		4.45				0.146 1			0.44				99.75
BDS-4	69.5	0.38				15.35			0.94			1.35				2.03			0.84			0.04				4.13		4.45				0.145 7			0.44				99.75
BDS-5	69.87	0.38				15.17			0.91			1.35				2.04			0.8			0.04				4.02		4.44				0.147 5			0.44				99.76
样品号	w_B/10^-2							Mg^#					AR				σ				A/NK				A/CNK				DI				SI				T_Zr/℃
样品号	TFeO			K₂O+Na₂O				Mg^#					AR				σ				A/NK				A/CNK				DI				SI				T_Zr/℃
BDS-1	2.33			8.66				22.88					2.98				2.86				1.294				0.986				84.63				7.48				767.19
BDS-2	2.32			8.65				22.73					2.97				2.85				1.296				0.987				84.65				7.42				768.87
BDS-3	2.22			8.59				22.71					2.95				2.78				1.303				0.992				84.77				7.2				763.14
BDS-4	2.2			8.58				22.65					2.95				2.77				1.302				0.991				84.85				7.14				767.19
BDS-5	2.17			8.46				22.16					2.93				2.65				1.301				0.988				85.08				6.97				765.47
样品号	w_B/10^-6
样品号	La	Ce				Pr			Nd			Sm				Eu			Gd			Tb				Dy		Ho				Er			Tm				Yb
BDS-1	32.9	58.8				6.37			22.5			3.33				0.98			2.67			0.36				1.5		0.26				0.75			0.13				0.74
BDS-2	36.4	63.5				7.13			24.3			3.57				1.04			2.86			0.37				1.52		0.27				0.77			0.13				0.75
BDS-3	27.1	49.2				5.57			19.6			3.03				0.88			2.3			0.32				1.31		0.23				0.64			0.11				0.64
BDS-4	31.2	53.8				6.25			21.8			3.29				0.96			2.58			0.35				1.45		0.25				0.7			0.12				0.68
BDS-5	32.7	56.8				6.52			22.8			3.41				1.01			2.71			0.37				1.52		0.26				0.73			0.12				0.69
样品号	w_B/10^-6																							LREE/HREE						(La/Yb)_N						δEu
样品号	Lu				Y					ΣREE				LREE						HREE				LREE/HREE						(La/Yb)_N						δEu
BDS-1	0.11				8.51					131.32				124.78						6.53				19.1						31.9						1
BDS-2	0.11				8.79					142.71				135.93						6.78				20.06						34.99						1
BDS-3	0.1				6.98					110.93				105.29						5.64				18.68						30.48						1.03
BDS-4	0.1				7.94					123.61				117.37						6.24				18.82						32.81						1.01
BDS-5	0.1				8.28					129.74				123.22						6.52				18.91						33.9						1.01
样品号	w_B/10^-6
样品号	Cu	Pb				Zn			Cr			Ni				Co			Rb			Cs				Sr		Ba				V			Sc				Nb
BDS-1	3.63	1.68				42			6.84			4.65				4.77			108			1.25				569		950				44			2.93				11.5
BDS-2	3.47	1.3				44.1			6.96			5.02				5.06			113			1.26				622		1 031				47.3			3.55				12.8
BDS-3	2.38	0.42				33			9.14			3.86				4.18			92.9			1				523		907				39			4.4				10.4
BDS-4	3.16	0.35				38.1			5.99			3.97				4.44			97.1			1.05				578		989				41			3.77				12
BDS-5	3.25	0.75				37			6.07			4.13				4.33			92.5			1.03				557		918				41.6			3.46				12.2
样品号	w_B/10^-6																						10⁴ Ga/Al				Nb/Ta				Zr/Hf			La/Nb				Th/Nb
样品号	Ta		Zr				Hf				Ga				U			Th					10⁴ Ga/Al				Nb/Ta				Zr/Hf			La/Nb				Th/Nb
BDS-1	1.31		137				4.3				19.1				1.4			10.3					2.43				8.78				31.9			2.86				0.9
BDS-2	1.59		125				3.77				20.7				1.25			10.3					2.64				8.03				33.14			2.85				0.8
BDS-3	1.34		120				3.88				17.4				1.13			8.67					2.22				7.75				31			2.61				0.84
BDS-4	1.25		124				3.85				18.9				1.3			10.3					2.41				9.63				32.32			2.59				0.86
BDS-5	1.43		122				3.82				18.8				1.24			9.85					2.43				8.52				32.07			2.69				0.81

Fig.5 Major element discrimination diagrams for granite samples. Basemaps from [78⇓⇓-81]; published data from [52⇓-54,82⇓⇓⇓-86].

Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams (b) for granite samples. Normalization values after [87]; published data from [52⇓-54,82⇓⇓⇓-86].

Table 3 Results of Hf isotopic analysis of granite samples

测点	年龄/ Ma	¹⁷⁶Yb/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	ε_Hf(0)	ε_Hf(t)	T_DM	$T D M C$	f_Lu/Hf
BDSTW1.02	119	0.019 636	0.000 109	0.000 818	0.000 003	0.282 108	0.000 014	-23.49	-20.95	1 603	2 503	-0.98
BDSTW1.03	118	0.022 720	0.000 731	0.000 924	0.000 031	0.282 125	0.000 015	-22.88	-20.36	1 584	2 466	-0.97
BDSTW1.05	117	0.015 277	0.000 067	0.000 688	0.000 002	0.282 147	0.000 014	-22.1	-19.59	1 544	2 417	-0.98
BDSTW1.06	119	0.024 648	0.000 207	0.001 017	0.000 004	0.282 144	0.000 015	-22.22	-19.67	1 562	2 424	-0.97
BDSTW1.07	119	0.020 766	0.000 081	0.000 924	0.000 004	0.282 097	0.000 014	-23.88	-21.35	1 623	2 528	-0.97
BDSTW1.08	116	0.021 552	0.000 136	0.000 874	0.000 005	0.282 139	0.000 016	-22.39	-19.92	1 563	2 437	-0.97
BDSTW1.09	119	0.015 243	0.000 302	0.000 642	0.000 011	0.282 162	0.000 015	-21.58	-19.04	1 522	2 383	-0.98
BDSTW1.11	115	0.012 191	0.000 173	0.000 518	0.000 006	0.282 116	0.000 013	-23.2	-20.72	1 580	2 487	-0.98
BDSTW1.12	118	0.018 153	0.000 171	0.000 752	0.000 010	0.282 105	0.000 015	-23.6	-21.07	1 605	2 510	-0.98
BDSTW1.16	117	0.021 592	0.000 231	0.000 959	0.000 012	0.282 107	0.000 014	-23.5	-21.02	1 610	2 506	-0.97
BDSTW1.20	117	0.034 206	0.000 476	0.001 271	0.000 018	0.282 144	0.000 017	-22.21	-19.74	1 572	2 425	-0.96
BDSTW1.22	118	0.019 158	0.000 155	0.000 829	0.000 012	0.282 093	0.000 013	-24	-21.49	1 624	2 536	-0.98
BDSTW1.24	118	0.022 206	0.000 236	0.000 984	0.000 005	0.282 104	0.000 014	-23.62	-21.12	1 616	2 513	-0.97

Table 3 Results of Hf isotopic analysis of granite samples

测点	年龄/ Ma	¹⁷⁶Yb/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	ε_Hf(0)	ε_Hf(t)	T_DM	$T D M C$	f_Lu/Hf
BDSTW1.02	119	0.019 636	0.000 109	0.000 818	0.000 003	0.282 108	0.000 014	-23.49	-20.95	1 603	2 503	-0.98
BDSTW1.03	118	0.022 720	0.000 731	0.000 924	0.000 031	0.282 125	0.000 015	-22.88	-20.36	1 584	2 466	-0.97
BDSTW1.05	117	0.015 277	0.000 067	0.000 688	0.000 002	0.282 147	0.000 014	-22.1	-19.59	1 544	2 417	-0.98
BDSTW1.06	119	0.024 648	0.000 207	0.001 017	0.000 004	0.282 144	0.000 015	-22.22	-19.67	1 562	2 424	-0.97
BDSTW1.07	119	0.020 766	0.000 081	0.000 924	0.000 004	0.282 097	0.000 014	-23.88	-21.35	1 623	2 528	-0.97
BDSTW1.08	116	0.021 552	0.000 136	0.000 874	0.000 005	0.282 139	0.000 016	-22.39	-19.92	1 563	2 437	-0.97
BDSTW1.09	119	0.015 243	0.000 302	0.000 642	0.000 011	0.282 162	0.000 015	-21.58	-19.04	1 522	2 383	-0.98
BDSTW1.11	115	0.012 191	0.000 173	0.000 518	0.000 006	0.282 116	0.000 013	-23.2	-20.72	1 580	2 487	-0.98
BDSTW1.12	118	0.018 153	0.000 171	0.000 752	0.000 010	0.282 105	0.000 015	-23.6	-21.07	1 605	2 510	-0.98
BDSTW1.16	117	0.021 592	0.000 231	0.000 959	0.000 012	0.282 107	0.000 014	-23.5	-21.02	1 610	2 506	-0.97
BDSTW1.20	117	0.034 206	0.000 476	0.001 271	0.000 018	0.282 144	0.000 017	-22.21	-19.74	1 572	2 425	-0.96
BDSTW1.22	118	0.019 158	0.000 155	0.000 829	0.000 012	0.282 093	0.000 013	-24	-21.49	1 624	2 536	-0.98
BDSTW1.24	118	0.022 206	0.000 236	0.000 984	0.000 005	0.282 104	0.000 014	-23.62	-21.12	1 616	2 513	-0.97

Table 4 LA-ICPMS/SHRIMP dating results for selected Early-Cretaceous granitoids in Liaodong

序号	岩体	岩性	采样位置		测试方法	年龄/Ma	资料来源
1	北大山	似斑状黑云二长花岗岩	41°03'35″N	123°52'12″E	LA-ICPMS	117.1±1.4	本文
2	千山	正长花岗岩	41°01'14″N	123°04'08″E	LA-ICPMS	127±2	[57]
3	赵屯	细粒二长花岗岩	39°11'45″N	121°50'19″E	LA-ICPMS	130±5	[57]
4	饮马湾山	二长花岗岩	39°03'21″N	122°17'58″E	LA-ICPMS	124±4	[57]
5	饮马湾山	二长花岗岩	39°37'57″N	122°22'10″E	LA-ICPMS	122±6	[57]
6	古道岭	似斑状花岗岩	40°02'46″N	122°12'31″E	LA-ICPMS	118±3	[57]
7	古道岭	二长花岗岩	40°14'46″N	122°24'53″E	LA-ICPMS	121±2	[57]
8	双塔	似斑状二长花岗岩	39°48'47″N	122°23'48″E	LA-ICPMS	129±2	[57]
9	洼子店	细粒二长花岗岩	39°21'15″N	122°09'57″E	LA-ICPMS	120±4	[57]
10	鞍子山	似斑状花岗岩	39°50'48″N	122°20'50″E	LA-ICPMS	124±2	[57]
11	韭菜顶子	二长花岗岩	41°10'49″N	124°47'45″E	LA-ICPMS	121±2	[57]
12	帽盔山	二长花岗岩	40°30'20″N	120°40'53″E	LA-ICPMS	137±1	[57]
13	荒地	花岗闪长岩	40°30'50″N	123°40'00″E	LA-ICPMS	139±1	[57]
14	朝阳	二长岩	40°28'54″N	123°21'44″E	LA-ICPMS	139±1	[57]
15	三股流	似斑状花岗岩	40°06'15″N	124°15'29″E	LA-ICPMS	120±2	[57]
16	三股流	二长花岗岩	40°08'11″N	124°16'56″E	SHRIMP	123±2	[84]
17	三股流	花岗闪长岩	40°06'39″N	124°15'43″E	SHRIMP	123±1	[84]
18	凤凰山	碱长花岗岩	40°25'01″N	124°03'40″E	LA-ICPMS	130±2	[57]
19	石柱子	二长花岗岩	40°46'13″N	125°24'17″E	LA-ICPMS	124±1	[51]
20	太平哨	碱长花岗岩	40°47'11″N	125°02'24″E	LA-ICPMS	129±1	[86]
21	灌水	花岗闪长岩	40°52'09″N	124°35'51″E	LA-ICPMS	131±1	[57]
22	四平街	碱性花岗岩	41°06'54″N	124°43'56″E	TIMS	130±1	[57]
23	大金山	二长花岗岩	40°13'20″N	124°18'11″E	SHRIMP	124±2	[85]
24	丁岐山	碱长花岗岩	40°17'29″N	124°21'49″E	LA-ICPMS	124±2	[85]
25	黄岭	二长闪长岩	39°22'15″N	123°21'53″E	LA-ICPMS	127.4±1.9	[92]
26	关门山	花岗斑岩	41°02'45″N	124°20'04″E	LA-ICPMS	126±2	[86]
27	关门山	碱长花岗岩	41°03'22″N	124°20'47″E	LA-ICPMS	126±2	[86]
28	三股流	二长花岗岩	40°06'08″N	124°15'30″E	SHRIMP	125.1±1.2	[55]
29	三股流	二长花岗岩	40°06'30″N	124°11'41″E	SHRIMP	128.7±2.2	[55]
30	三股流	黑云母花岗岩			LA-ICPMS	123.8±1.2	[93]
31	帽盔山	二长花岗岩			LA-ICPMS	127.2±0.6	[53]
32	清凉山	二长花岗岩			LA-ICPMS	129.0±0.8	[53]
33	石庙沟	花岗斑岩	40°27'54″N	123°25'20″E	LA-ICPMS	123.0±1.6	[82]
34	袁家堡	石英二长斑岩	40°28'37″N	123°54'53″E	LA-ICPMS	129±1	[94]

Table 4 LA-ICPMS/SHRIMP dating results for selected Early-Cretaceous granitoids in Liaodong

序号	岩体	岩性	采样位置		测试方法	年龄/Ma	资料来源
1	北大山	似斑状黑云二长花岗岩	41°03'35″N	123°52'12″E	LA-ICPMS	117.1±1.4	本文
2	千山	正长花岗岩	41°01'14″N	123°04'08″E	LA-ICPMS	127±2	[57]
3	赵屯	细粒二长花岗岩	39°11'45″N	121°50'19″E	LA-ICPMS	130±5	[57]
4	饮马湾山	二长花岗岩	39°03'21″N	122°17'58″E	LA-ICPMS	124±4	[57]
5	饮马湾山	二长花岗岩	39°37'57″N	122°22'10″E	LA-ICPMS	122±6	[57]
6	古道岭	似斑状花岗岩	40°02'46″N	122°12'31″E	LA-ICPMS	118±3	[57]
7	古道岭	二长花岗岩	40°14'46″N	122°24'53″E	LA-ICPMS	121±2	[57]
8	双塔	似斑状二长花岗岩	39°48'47″N	122°23'48″E	LA-ICPMS	129±2	[57]
9	洼子店	细粒二长花岗岩	39°21'15″N	122°09'57″E	LA-ICPMS	120±4	[57]
10	鞍子山	似斑状花岗岩	39°50'48″N	122°20'50″E	LA-ICPMS	124±2	[57]
11	韭菜顶子	二长花岗岩	41°10'49″N	124°47'45″E	LA-ICPMS	121±2	[57]
12	帽盔山	二长花岗岩	40°30'20″N	120°40'53″E	LA-ICPMS	137±1	[57]
13	荒地	花岗闪长岩	40°30'50″N	123°40'00″E	LA-ICPMS	139±1	[57]
14	朝阳	二长岩	40°28'54″N	123°21'44″E	LA-ICPMS	139±1	[57]
15	三股流	似斑状花岗岩	40°06'15″N	124°15'29″E	LA-ICPMS	120±2	[57]
16	三股流	二长花岗岩	40°08'11″N	124°16'56″E	SHRIMP	123±2	[84]
17	三股流	花岗闪长岩	40°06'39″N	124°15'43″E	SHRIMP	123±1	[84]
18	凤凰山	碱长花岗岩	40°25'01″N	124°03'40″E	LA-ICPMS	130±2	[57]
19	石柱子	二长花岗岩	40°46'13″N	125°24'17″E	LA-ICPMS	124±1	[51]
20	太平哨	碱长花岗岩	40°47'11″N	125°02'24″E	LA-ICPMS	129±1	[86]
21	灌水	花岗闪长岩	40°52'09″N	124°35'51″E	LA-ICPMS	131±1	[57]
22	四平街	碱性花岗岩	41°06'54″N	124°43'56″E	TIMS	130±1	[57]
23	大金山	二长花岗岩	40°13'20″N	124°18'11″E	SHRIMP	124±2	[85]
24	丁岐山	碱长花岗岩	40°17'29″N	124°21'49″E	LA-ICPMS	124±2	[85]
25	黄岭	二长闪长岩	39°22'15″N	123°21'53″E	LA-ICPMS	127.4±1.9	[92]
26	关门山	花岗斑岩	41°02'45″N	124°20'04″E	LA-ICPMS	126±2	[86]
27	关门山	碱长花岗岩	41°03'22″N	124°20'47″E	LA-ICPMS	126±2	[86]
28	三股流	二长花岗岩	40°06'08″N	124°15'30″E	SHRIMP	125.1±1.2	[55]
29	三股流	二长花岗岩	40°06'30″N	124°11'41″E	SHRIMP	128.7±2.2	[55]
30	三股流	黑云母花岗岩			LA-ICPMS	123.8±1.2	[93]
31	帽盔山	二长花岗岩			LA-ICPMS	127.2±0.6	[53]
32	清凉山	二长花岗岩			LA-ICPMS	129.0±0.8	[53]
33	石庙沟	花岗斑岩	40°27'54″N	123°25'20″E	LA-ICPMS	123.0±1.6	[82]
34	袁家堡	石英二长斑岩	40°28'37″N	123°54'53″E	LA-ICPMS	129±1	[94]

Fig.7 Distribution map (a) and histogram for ages (b) of Early-Cretaceous granitoids in eastern Liaodong

Fig.8 Genetic-types discrimination of granite from the Beidashan pluton. Basemaps from [108]; published data from [52⇓-54,82⇓⇓⇓-86].

Fig.9 P2O5-SiO2 (a), Y-Rb (b) and P2O5-A/CNK (c) diagrams for granite samples

Fig.10 Source discriminant diagrams for granite samples. Basemap from [130].

Fig.11 Hf isotopic composition of zircon from granite samples. Basemaps from [105,133]; published data from [52⇓-54,82⇓⇓⇓-86].

Fig.12 Scatter plots showing covariances between major elements/trace elements in granite samples. Basemap in (a) adapted from [133]; basemap in (b) adapted from [105].

Fig.13 Temporal and spatial migration patterns of Mesozoic magmatism in the East Asian continental margin of the eastern North China Craton (basemap after [42,140])

Fig.14 R1-R2 (a, basemap after [161]), Rb-Y+Nb (b, basemap from [162]) and Nb-Y (c, basemap after [162]) diagrams for granite samples. Published data from [52⇓-54,82⇓⇓⇓-86]

Fig.15 Simplified tectonic evolution and petrogenetic model of the eastern North China Craton between the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (basemap after [86])

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