Research progress on the mechanism for the formation of Nb-Ta deposits by fractionation and enrichment and method development for columbite-tantalite analysis—a review

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.5.15

Abstract

Abstract:

Rare metals niobium and tantalum are irreplaceable in many fields of human society due to their high melting point, high density, high-temperature resistance, superconductivity and other excellent properties. They are also strategic resources the world has attached great importance to in the last 20 years and beyond. It is very important to understand Nb-Ta fractionation and enrichment in different magmatic systems and the metallogenesis of different types of Nb-Ta deposits for Nb-Ta ore prospecting. Considered by previous studies the main factors affecting Nb-Ta fractionation and enrichment are the alkalinity of host magmas, water content in melts, melt temperature, fractional crystallization of main Nb-Ta-bearing minerals (columbite-tantalite, biotite, phengite, etc.) and crystallization-melting of the main minerals during partial melting. In addition, the high concentration of fluxing elements (F, Li, Be, P, H₂O) also plays an important role in Nb-Ta fractionation and enrichment. Previous studies have found Nb-Ta mineralization could be characterized by magmatic crystallization differentiation, in some cases, but was often associated spatially with strong albitization or lepidolization. Therefore, metallogenic models solely based on magmatic crystallization differentiation or hydrothermal metasomatism could not fully explain the complex mineralization of Nb and Ta. Other questions need to be further addressed include: What is the proportion of crystallization-differentiation to hydrothermal-metasomatism in the process of Nb-Ta fractionation and enrichment? And which stage is more enriched in Nb and Ta? Besides, as columbite-tantalite (coltan) is widely used in LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating due to its high U and low common Pb contents, with Coltan139 commonly used as a reference standard, laser resolution needs to be further improved to achieve in-situ dating of complex chemical zoning in coltan. The Lu-Hf isotope analysis of coltan is less carried out. In future, coltan Lu-Hf isotope analysis should be developed to trace the Nb-Ta source and clarify the mechanism of Nb-Ta fractionation and enrichment.

Key words: columbite-tantalite (coltan), fractionation mechanism, metallogenesis, U-Pb dating, Lu-Hf isotope

CLC Number:

YANG Shuang, WANG Rui. Research progress on the mechanism for the formation of Nb-Ta deposits by fractionation and enrichment and method development for columbite-tantalite analysis—a review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 151-170.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig.1 Proportion of global production of niobium (left) and tantalum (right) minerals in 2017, by country (from USGS, 2018)

Fig.2 Distribution of Nb-Ta metallogenic belts within the tectonic framework of China. Modified after [11,51].

Fig.3 Niobium-tantalum metallogenic epochs in major Nb-Ta metallogenic belts of China. Blocks indicate the age ranges of granite type Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposits in orogenic belts (blue borders) and rare earth-niobium deposits in alkaline and carbonate rocks in continental margin faults or rifts (yellow borders). Modified after [11].

Table 1 Chemical composition of common Nb-Ta-bearing minerals. Adapted from [51,71].

中文名	英文名	化学式	含量/%
中文名	英文名	化学式	Ta₂O₅	Nb₂O₅
铌铁矿族矿物(包括铌铁矿、钽铁矿、铌锰矿、钽锰矿)	Columbite group minerals	(Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)₂O₆	1.4~86.2	2.0~78.7
重钽铁矿	Tapiolite	(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)₂O₆	65.7~84.0	1.2~1.4
烧绿石-细晶石	Pyrochlore-microlite	(Na,Ca)(Nb,Ta,Ti)₂O₆(F,OH)	0~83.5	0~75.1
锡锰钽矿	Wodginite	(Ta,Nb,Sn,Mn,Fe,Ti)O₂	69.6	8.4
褐钇铌矿	Fergusonite	YNbO₄	2.5~17.0	33.6~47.0
易解石	Aeschynite	(Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb,Ta)₂(O,OH)₆	0~6.9	23.8~32.5
铈铌钙钛矿	Loparite	(Ce,Na,Ca)₂(Ti,Nb,Ta)₂O₆	0.8	16.2
铌铁金红石	Ilmenorutile	(Ti,Nb,Fe)O₂	0.4~14.9	0.9~43.0

Fig.4 Quadrilateral diagram of columbite-group minerals. Base map adapted from [45,72]; data adapted from [20,27,45] and from authors’ unpublished data.

Fig.5 BSE images of Ta-Nb oxides in topaz lepidolite granite in Yichun, Jiangxi. Modified after [20].

Table 2 Solubility of niobium and tantalum in granitic melts at 800 ℃ and 200 MPa. Adaped from [23].

熔体铝饱和指数 (ASI)	$K s p N b$ (MnNb₂O₆)/ (mol²·kg^-2)	$K s p T a$ (MnTa₂O₆)/ (mol²·kg^-2)
1.22(过铝质)	1.7×10^-4	4.6×10^-4
1.02(准铝质)	1.2×10^-4	2.6×10^-4
0.64(过碱性)	202×10^-4	255×10^-4

Table 2 Solubility of niobium and tantalum in granitic melts at 800 ℃ and 200 MPa. Adaped from [23].

熔体铝饱和指数 (ASI)	$K s p N b$ (MnNb₂O₆)/ (mol²·kg^-2)	$K s p T a$ (MnTa₂O₆)/ (mol²·kg^-2)
1.22(过铝质)	1.7×10^-4	4.6×10^-4
1.02(准铝质)	1.2×10^-4	2.6×10^-4
0.64(过碱性)	202×10^-4	255×10^-4

Fig.6 (a) Mg-Na-Ti ternary classification diagram of muscovite (Ms), and (b) evolution of Nb/Ta ratios for whole rock (WR) samples from different peraluminous granites against average value of MgO/(Na2O+TiO2) ratios of their secondary micas.Modified after [81-82].

Fig.7 Vectors of compositional evolution in granite melt with crystallization of the principal minerals. Modified after [74].

Fig.8 Schematic illustration of rare-metal fractional crystallization and enrichment in granite during magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of the Yashan pluton. Modified after [100].

Fig.9 End-member metallogenic models for granitic pegmatite Nb-Ta-Sn deposits and quartz vein-hosted Sn-W deposits. Modified after [111].

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