Thermal regime and metallogenesis of collisional orogens

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.10.36

Abstract

Abstract:

Previous studies have shown that the thermal regime of continental collisional orogen has important controls on the shape, size, tectonic pattern, magmatism and metamorphism of collision zones. However, the relationship between the thermal regime and metallogenesis of continental collisional orogen is unclear. Here, we compared the Pyrenean, Alpine, Caledonian, Zagros-Iranian, Himalayan-Tibetan and Variscan orogens in terms of their thermal regimes and mineral deposits, focusing especially on the relationship between the thermal regime and ore-forming temperatures. We found three types of deposits in these continental collisional orogenic belts: basin brine (e.g., Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits), metamorphic fluids (e.g., orogenic Au deposits) and magmatic hydrothermal (e.g., porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits and greisen W-Sn deposits) deposits. Among them, the Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits and orogenic Au deposits can occur in all types of collisional orogens. The ore-forming temperatures in these deposits are relatively high in hot collisional orogen and low in cold collisional orogen. However, magmatic hydrothermal deposits only occur in hot collisional orogens as the pressure-temperature conditions for hot collisional orogen overlap largely with that for wet granite solidus in the p-T diagram. The thermal structure of collisional orogens is affected easily by thermal disturbance conducive to crustal partial melting and forming ore-bearing magmas.

Key words: thermal regime, thermal disturbance, collisional metallogenesis, “cold” collision, “hot” collision, collisional orogen

CLC Number:

P611
P542

ZHANG Hongrui, HOU Zengqian. Thermal regime and metallogenesis of collisional orogens[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(2): 1-13.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Global distribution of major collisional orogenic belts and the related mineral deposits. Modified after [12].

Fig. 2 p-T diagram for metamorphic rocks and xenolith from the Alpine and Himalayan-Tibetan collisional orogens, showing clearly the distinction between cold and hot collisional orogens in p-T conditions.

Fig.3 Selected exhumation p-T paths for (U)HP rocks from collisional orogens

Fig.4 A genetic model of the Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits. Modified after [61].

Fig.5 A genetic model of orogenic Au deposits.Modified after [64].

Fig.6 A genetic model of collision-related porphyry Cu deposits. Modified after [82].

Fig.7 Ore-forming temperature zones for different deposit types in the six collisional orogens

Table 1 Mineral deposits in the six collisional orogens

造山类型	冷碰撞			热碰撞
造山带	比利牛斯	阿尔卑斯	加里东	扎格罗斯	青藏高原	华力西
MVT铅锌矿床	有	有	有	有	有
造山型金矿		有	有	有	有	有
岩浆热液有关铌钽锂铍矿床					有	有
云英岩型钨锡矿床					有	有
斑岩型铜矿床				有	有

Fig.8 Schematic illustration of cold (a) and hot (b) collisional orogens and related mineral deposits

Fig. 9 p-T diagram showing the thermal regimes, mineral deposits and partial-melting conditions of collisional orogens. Melting curves and wet granite solidus data adapted from [136-137].

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