大陆下地壳

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.12.27

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大陆下地壳是连接岩石圈地幔和上地壳的“纽带”,是地壳与地幔交换最活跃的部位。上地幔与下地壳的部分熔融及下地壳一些岩石的拆沉还可直接导致壳-幔物质的交换、循环与重组。换言之,下地壳是壳-幔作用的一个极其重要的场所,底垫、拆沉、深熔、高级变质和其他作用都在下地壳中发生和实现。然而,下地壳是以往研究地球深部和浅部关系时被“跳”过去的部位,没有得到足够的重视。克拉通化定义为大陆原来混沌的原地壳分异并形成稳定的上地壳和下地壳,并由此构建了稳定的壳-幔结构,这种空前的稳定关系从形成起一直维持到现在,是大陆演化、洋-陆与壳-幔相互作用的基础。在板块边界的造山过程中,如洋-陆的俯冲碰撞特别是陆-陆碰撞,可以形成不同大陆地块的陆壳叠置、加厚、垮塌、拆沉、底垫和重新稳定,在造山带根部形成新的下地壳,即造山带型下地壳。本文重点讨论了克拉通型下地壳演化过程,强调了其动力学意义及其在大陆动力学研究中的重要地位,建议在深地研究和学科布局中给与充分重视。

关键词: 大陆下地壳, 地质过程, 壳幔作用, 克拉通, 造山带, 地球动力学

Abstract:

The lower crust, linking the lithospheric mantle and the upper crust, is the most active place of energy exchange between the crust and the mantle; and partial melting of the lower crust and upper mantle, and delamination of the lower crust can directly lead to crust/mantle material exchange, re-cycling, recombination. In other words, the lower crust is one of the most important site for mantle-crust interactions where magma underplating, anatexis, delamination, high-grade metamorphism, and other processes take place. However, the lower crust has been largely overlooked by previous studies of the deep Earth. In this paper, the lower crustal profile of the North China Craton is described in detail. On this basis, the craton-type lower crust processes are discussed, and their dynamic significance and important position in the study of continental dynamics are emphasized. Cratonization is the transition of the formerly chaotic crust of the continent to stable upper and lower crust, and thus establishing a stable lithosphere. This unprecedented stable relationship between the crust and the mantle has been maintained from the beginning to the present, and is the basis for continental evolution, ocean-continent interaction, and crust-mantle interaction. The cratonic crust is not static after formation, and the continental boundaries can change during ocean-continental subduction-collisions. Especially during continent-continent collisions, the continental crust that can form different continental blocks is superimposed, thickened, collapsed, disassembled, underpinned and re-stabilized. At the root of the continental orogenic belt, a new lower crust is formed to become the lower crust of the orogenic belt type. We, therefore, suggest in this paper that the craton-type lower crust processes should receive full attention in the study of the deep Earth as well as in the designing of geoscience curricula.

Key words: continental lower crust, geological process, interaction between crust and mantle, craton, orogeny, geodynamics

中图分类号:

P313.2
P541

张艳斌, 翟明国, 周艳艳, 周李岗. 大陆下地壳[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(1): 28-45.

ZHANG Yanbin, ZHAI Mingguo, ZHOU Yanyan, ZHOU Ligang. The continental lower crust[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 28-45.

图/表 13

图1 地壳变质相示意图(a)和野外与实验室泊松比与P波速关系图(b)(据文献[18,21]修改) 图1b中:不同填充花纹代表不同岩石(2~3,5~12),PC代表前寒武纪,R代表裂谷,Pz代表显生宙;2—长英质角闪片麻岩,3—长英质麻粒岩,5—中性麻粒岩,6—斜长岩,7—镁铁质麻粒岩,8—斜长角闪岩,9—变泥质(麻粒岩)岩,10—辉石岩,11—榴辉岩,12—纯橄岩/橄榄岩。

Fig.1 Metamorphic phases of the lower crust (a) and Poisson ratio vs. P-Velocity diagram (b). Modified after [18,21].

图2 岩石圈厚度与年龄的关系(a)以及估计的华北克拉通岩石圈厚度随时间的变化(b)(引自文献[2,27]) Ia和Ib:>2.5 Ga的太古宙大陆岩石圈厚度; II:2.5~1.8 Ga 的大陆岩石圈厚度; III:<1.8 Ga的大陆岩石圈厚度; IV:显生宙大陆岩石圈厚度。

Fig.2 Change of lithospheric thermal thickness with geologic age. (a) General case. (b) NCC by estimation. Adapted from [2,27].

图3 蔓菁沟—小坝子下地壳剖面示意图(据文献[29]改编)

Fig.3 Sketch geological profile of the lower crust beneath Manjinggou-Xiaobazi. Modified after [29].

图4 下地壳岩石的K-Rb (a)、Rb-Sr (b) 和U-Th (c) 图解(据文献[31])

Fig.4 K-Rb (a), Rb-Sr (b), and U-Th (c) diagrams for lower crust rocks from the NCC. Adapted from [31].

图5 华北下地壳岩石P波和温度在0.8 GPa压力条件下的测试图(据文献[36])

Fig.5 Plot of P-wave velocity vs. temperature at 0.8 GPa for lower crust rocks from the NCC. Adapted from [36].

图6 浑源—阳原—怀安—汉诺坝剖面(据文献[37])

Fig.6 Sketch wave velocity cross-section through Hunyuan-Yangyuan-Huaian-Hannuoba. Adapted from [37].

图7 大陆下地壳柱状示意剖面对比图(据文献[38]修订)

Fig.7 Sequence-stratigraphic comparison of the NCC to classic examples. Modified after [38].

图8 Alps造山带示意剖面图(据文献[47]修改) E—External地块,Be—Bemhard推覆体,MR—Monte Ros推覆体,DB—Dent Blanche推覆体,Se—Sesia带,Iv—Ivrea带,SC—Strona-Ceneri带,IL—Insubric构造线,PL—Pogallo构造线, CL—Cremosina构造线; Adriatic plate—亚德里亚板块,European plate—欧洲板块。

Fig.8 Simplified Ivrea section across the Alps. Modified after [47].

图9 挪威Bamble地区变质峰期后隆起的p-T条件(据文献[60]修改) ①~⑩:N2,CH4,CO2 和H2O在熔化范围中代表性均一温度等值线;a-g:矿物组合计算的压力p;a-c, 葡萄石-绿纤石相; d-g, 峰期变质组合;阴影区是Songe斜长角闪岩的深熔条件;点线:模型抬升路径;A-E变质后隆升期间的连续流体状态。

Fig.9 p-T conditions during post-metamorphic uplift, Bamble, Norway. Modified after [60]. 1-10: ‘representative isochores’; a to g: estimates from mineral assemblages; a to c: prehnite-pumpelleyite; d to g: peak metamorphic associations. Shaded square at the lower left corner of c: ‘preferred’ for anatexis in Songe amphibolite; Doted line: modeled uplift path; A to E: successive fluid regimes during post-metamorphic uplift.

图10 H2O和CO2的蒸发温度与压力图解(据文献[61]) ×表示临界条件,短虚线表示“密集”超临界水和二氧化碳存在的温度。长虚线表示了不同条件下的H2O, CO2和它们的混合物的变化路线。

Fig.10 Phase diagrams for H2O and CO2. Adapted from [61]. × marks the critical conditions of these materials. The short-dashed lines indicate the temperatures below which the “dense” supercritical H2O and CO2 exist.

图11 超高温变质条件下孔兹岩(泥质麻粒岩)与深熔花岗岩的REE配分型式(a)(据文献[74])和冀东太平寨麻粒岩的部分熔融的温压条件(b)(据文献[75])

Fig.11 REE patterns of argillaceous granulite (Khondalite) and anatectic granite (a, adapted from [74] ) and p-T conditions for partial melting of mafic granulite under different depth ranges (b, adapted from [75])

图12 斜长岩在克拉通下地壳剖面中的位置示意图(据文献[77])

Fig.12 Position of anorthosites in lower crust columnar sections. Adapted from [77].

图13 汉诺坝地区壳幔成分-结构示意图(据文献[80,84]修订)

Fig.13 Sketch crust-mantle section beneath Hannuoba area. Modified after [80,84].

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