祁连造山带构造演化与新生代变形历史

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.12.20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

祁连造山带位于东特提斯北缘,蛇绿混杂岩带、(超)高压变质岩和弧岩浆岩等广泛发育,是前新生代华北克拉通与柴达木古地块之间多期次俯冲、碰撞和造山形成的复合造山带。现今的祁连山是青藏高原北缘高原隆升与扩展的关键构造带,具有复杂的陆内变形构造和深部结构,记录了新生代高原生长过程中不同阶段的构造变形和盆-山演化历史。本文在区域地质研究资料的综合分析基础上,讨论祁连造山带元古宙变质基底属性、新元古代—古生代古海洋演化和中—新生代构造变形特征,探讨祁连(山)造山带的构造演化过程和陆内变形历史。祁连造山带发育新元古代早期和早古生代两期岩浆弧,分别代表了古祁连洋和(南、北)祁连洋的俯冲-碰撞事件;亲华北的基底属性指示了祁连洋实属陆缘海。新生代青藏高原东北缘发育两阶段构造变形和盆-山演化,在中新世完成了由新生代早期以逆冲断裂活动为主向走滑断裂和逆冲断裂共同作用的转变,随着东昆仑山的快速隆起将古近纪大盆地隔开成两个盆地,即现今的柴达木盆地和可可西里盆地。中新世中晚期以来,青藏高原东北缘的构造格局主要受控于东昆仑和海原两个近乎平行的大型转换挤压构造系统的发育、顺时针旋转和侧向生长。大型走滑断裂系统在造山带内的生长过程与发育机制是陆内变形研究的中心问题,需要进一步的定量化研究。

关键词: 青藏高原, 祁连造山带, 构造演化, 构造变形, 高原生长, 盆-山演化

Abstract:

The Qilian orogen—formed along the northern margin of the eastern Tethys as results of pre-Cenozoic multi-phase subduction, continental collision and punctuated orogeny involving the North China craton and the Qaidam paleocontinent—develops widespread ophiolitic mélange belts and (ultra-) high pressure metamorphic and arc igneous rocks. The present Qilian Mountains, a key tectonic zone undergoing plateau uplift/expansion along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, with complex intracontinental deformation and deep structures, records the histories of tectonic deformation and basin-mountain evolution during different stages of plateau growth in the Cenozoic. This paper, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of regional geological data, discusses the nature of Proterozoic metamorphic basement, paleo-oceanic evolution during the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic, and Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural deformation, and explores the tectonic evolution of the Qilian orogen and the intracontinental deformation history of the Qilian Mountains. The Early-Neoproterozoic and Early-Paleozoic arcs represent respectively subduction-collision events took place in the Paleo-Qilian and (South/North) Qilian oceans. Basement structure beneath the North China craton suggests that the Qilian ocean is not the ocean separating the Gondwana and Laurasia continents, but rather a relatively small embayed sea along the southern margin of the Laurasia continent. The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau experienced two-stage tectonic deformation and basin-mountain evolution in the Cenozoic, while transition from Early-Cenozoic thrust activity to joint action of strike-slip/thrust faults occurred in the Miocene, where, with rapid uplift of the Eastern Kunlun Range, a large Paleogene basin split into two basins—the current Qaidam Basin and the Hoh Xil Basin. Since the Middle-Late Miocene the tectonic framework along the margin has been mainly controlled by the development and clockwise rotation/lateral growth of two large near-parallel transpressional tectonic systems, of Eastern Kunlun and Haiyuan. The growth process and development mechanism of the large-scale strike-slip fault system in the Qilian orogen is a central issue of research on intracontinental deformation and requires in-depth quantitative examination.

Key words: Tibetan Plateau, Qilian orogen, tectonic evolution, structural deformation, plateau growth, basin-mountain evolution

中图分类号:

P548

吴晨, 陈宣华, 丁林. 祁连造山带构造演化与新生代变形历史[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(3): 262-281.

WU Chen, CHEN Xuanhua, DING Lin. Tectonic evolution and Cenozoic deformation history of the Qilian orogen[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 262-281.

图/表 8

图1 青藏高原地区特提斯造山系统的构造分带图(a)和北祁连洋俯冲极性的构造模型图(b)(a据文献[21]修改)

Fig.1 (a) Tectonic map of the Tethyan orogenic system (modified after [21]), and (b) end-member models for subduction of the North Qilian ocean

图2 祁连造山带及周缘断裂构造、岩浆分布和构造分区简图(据文献[28]修改) SQLOB—南祁连造山带;CQLB—中祁连地块;NQLOB—北祁连造山带;ATF—阿尔金断裂;KLF—昆仑断裂;NQDF—柴达木盆地北缘断裂;SDNF—党河南山南缘断裂;TDF—土尔根达坂断裂;NZF—北宗务隆山断裂;SQHF—青海南山断裂;SCQLF—中祁连南缘断裂;NCQLF—中祁连北缘断裂;SYNF—野牛沟南缘断裂;CMF—昌马—俄博断裂;NQLF—北祁连北缘断裂;HYF—海原断裂;TJF—天景山断裂;WQF—温泉断裂;RYF—日月山断裂;GHF—共和断裂;LSF—龙首山断裂;JTF—金塔断裂;AYF—阿拉善右旗断裂;YBF—雅布赖断裂;EGF—恩格尔乌苏南缘断裂;SYEF—银额盆地南缘断裂;STOM—肃南—老虎山蛇绿混杂岩带;NQLOM—熬油沟—玉石沟蛇绿混杂岩带;DH-LJOM—党河南山—拉脊山—永靖蛇绿混杂岩带;ZWLOM—宗务隆蛇绿混杂岩带;NQDOM—柴北缘蛇绿混杂岩块。

Fig.2 Sketch map of the Qilian orogen and adjacent areas, showing the regional fault system, magmatism and tectonic division. Modified after [28].

图3 祁连造山带大地电磁测深反演剖面的构造解释(据文献[28]修改) a—浅层反演剖面的构造解释;b—共轭梯度法中-深层反演剖面;c—中-深层反演剖面的构造解释。断裂名称:NQDF—柴达木盆地北缘断裂;NZF—北宗务隆山断裂;NTJF—天峻盆地北缘断裂;SCQLF—中祁连南缘断裂;NMLF—木里盆地北缘断裂;NCQLF—中祁连北缘断裂;SYNF—野牛沟南缘断裂;CMF-昌马—俄博断裂;NQLF—祁连山北缘断裂;YN—榆木山逆冲推覆构造;NYMF—榆木山北缘断裂;LSF—龙首山断裂;JTF—金塔断裂;SYEF—银额盆地南缘断裂。Gr—花岗岩;HCL—壳内和上地幔低阻(高导)层。

Fig.3 Structural geological explanation of magnetotelluric sounding profile in the Qilian orogen. Modified after [28].

图4 北祁连造山带、中祁连地块和南祁连造山带构造-地层图(据文献[36]修改)

Fig.4 Lithostratigraphy of the North Qilian orogen, Central Qilian block, and South Qilian orogen of northern Tibet. Modified after [36].

图5 祁连造山带构造演化模式图

Fig.5 A tectonic evolution model for the Qilian orogen

图6 青藏高原北缘构造热年代学数据与断裂构造关系图(始新世—渐新世时期(a)和中新世以来(b))(据文献[131,152]修改)

Fig.6 Tectonic thermochronological data and faults in the northern Tibetan Plateau. (a) In the Eocene-Oligocene; (b) since the Miocene. Modified after [131,152].

图7 青藏高原北缘两阶段盆-山演化(a,b)与祁连山地区断裂响应(c,d)模式图(据文献[57,131,134,152]修改)

Fig.7 Two-stage basin-mountain evolution model for the northern Tibetan Plateau. Modified after [57,131,134,152].

图8 东昆仑转换挤压系统的构造模式图(a)和大型走滑断裂系陆内生长模式图(b)(a据文献[57]修改)

Fig.8 (a) Structural model for the Eastern Kunlun transpressional system (modified after [57]), and (b) intracontinental growth model for a large-scale strike-slip fault system

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