青藏高原东北缘祁连造山带东段深部结构及其动力学过程

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.6.35

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原东北缘祁连造山带东段由临夏地块和陇中地块组成,该地区经历了祁连洋闭合、华北地块和祁连地块的拼合、印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞等多期构造事件的影响,形成了现在复杂的构造格局。为了研究该地区不同地块的拼合位置和地质构造演化过程,我们利用覆盖研究区的33个中国地震科学台站探测Ⅱ期(ChinArrayⅡ, 2013—2016)宽频带流动台站3年的观测资料,利用远震P波接收函数H-κ叠加和共转换点叠加(CCP)方法获得了33个台站下方的地壳结构、泊松比、Moho面变化形态。研究结果显示:马衔山断裂是划分临夏地块和陇中地块的重要边界断裂,马衔山断裂作为一条穿壳断裂在我们的计算结果中表现为连续陡变的西倾负震相,该断裂是临夏地块和陇中地块的缝合线。临夏地块壳内分层结构明显,中下地壳存在低速异常,可能含有含盐流体,具有日本型岛弧特征。陇中地块的上地壳层状结构显著,中下地壳层状结构较弱且呈现较弱的低速特征,具有洋-岛玄武岩地壳特征,陇中地块原来可能由马里亚纳型岛弧构成。鄂尔多斯地块西南缘康拉德界面发育,Moho面横向变形较弱,具有稳定克拉通特征。六盘山构造带下方中上地壳表现为仰冲至鄂尔多斯地块西南缘之上的构造样式,我们认为这是六盘山构造带新生代隆升的深部构造证据。

关键词: 青藏高原东北缘, 接收函数, 地壳厚度, 平均地壳v_P/v_S, 地壳变形机制, 缝合带边界, 马衔山断裂

Abstract:

The eastern segment of the Qilian orogenic belt is located in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It comprises the Linxia and Longzhong blocks. The regional tectonic framework is complex due to the influence of multiple tectonic events, including the closure of the Qilian Ocean, the convergence of the North China block and Qilian terrane, and the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. To investigate the geological evolution of the region and the location of suture between the blocks, we analyzed seismic data collected from 33 portable ChinArray II broadband stations over a 3-year period (2013-2016) and obtained crustal structure, Poisson’s ratio, and Moho morphology at seismic stations by teleseismic P-wave receiver function, H-κ stacking, and Common Conversion Point (CCP) stacking methods. Our results show that the Maxianshan fault is an important boundary fault dividing the Linxia and Longzhong blocks. The fault zone, shown as a continuous west-dipping negative seismic phase in the CCP section, cuts through the Earth’s crust and is the suture line between the Linxia and Longzhong blocks. The Linxia block has obvious layered crust, with Japanese island arc characteristics, while low-velocity anomalies in the middle/lower crust likely indicate saline fluids. The Longzhong block has layered upper crust and slightly layered middle/lower crust, with weak low-velocity and ocean island basaltic crust characteristics, and may originate from the Mariana island arc. The insignificant Conrad interface and lateral variation of Moho depth in the southwestern margin of the Ordos block is consistent with stable craton characteristics. Meanwhile, beneath the Liupanshan tectonic belt, the upward thrust of the middle/upper crust towards the southwestern margin of the Ordos block provide the deep structural evidence for the Cenozoic uplift of the Liupanshan structural belt.

Key words: northeastern Tibetan Plateau, receiver function, crustal thickness, average crustal v_P/v_S ratio, crustal deformation mechanism, suture boundary, Maxianshan fault

中图分类号:

P631.4
P542

程永志, 高锐, 卢占武, 李文辉, 王光文, 陈司, 吴国炜, 蔡玉国. 青藏高原东北缘祁连造山带东段深部结构及其动力学过程[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 314-333.

CHENG Yongzhi, GAO Rui, LU Zhanwu, LI Wenhui, WANG Guangwen, CHEN Si, WU Guowei, CAI Yuguo. Deep structure and dynamics of the eastern segment of the Qilian orogenic belt in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 314-333.

图/表 12

图1 青藏高原东北缘及其邻区构造概况(引自文献[13⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-21]) A—喜马拉雅造山带和青藏高原及其周缘数字地形图;B—青藏高原东北缘周缘构造分布[13⇓-15],红色五角星表示台站分布位置,黑色实线AA'为CCP叠加剖面位置,绿色实线1~4表示大地电磁剖面位置[16⇓⇓-19],紫色线条5和6表示地震探测剖面位置[20-21]。

Fig.1 Tectonic setting of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent area. Adapted from [13⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-21].

图2 439个远震事件分布图图中色标表示震源深度,圆圈大小表示震级等级。

Fig.2 Distribution map of 439 teleseismic events

图3 台站62350和63056按反方位角等间距排列的接收函数水平轴表示的是相对P波延迟时间。纵坐标轴表示的是按照反方位角等间距排列的接收函数条数(从下到上反方位角逐渐增加)其中PS、PPPS、PPSS+PSPS震相用红色实线标注。

Fig.3 Seismic receiver functions at stations 62350 and 63056, arranged anti-clockwise at equidistance intervals

图4 H-κ方法获得台站63056、63055、62354和62360下方地壳厚度和波速比结果纵轴表示地壳厚度H,横轴表示波速比κ,绿色五角星对应的最佳拟合处,白色小方框内记录了台站号和对应的地壳厚度H、κ值。

Fig.4 Results of H-κ stacking at stations 63056, 63055, 62354, and 62360

表1 修正后的IASP91地壳速度结构模型

Table 1 Revised IASP91 crustal velocity structure model

地壳厚度/km	v_P/(km·s^-1)	v_P/(km·s^-1)
0~20	5.80	3.36
20~50	6.50	3.75
>50	8.04	4.47

表2 台站下方地壳厚度H、波速比κ及泊松比σ结果

Table 2 Crustal thickness (H), velocity ratio (κ) and Poisson’s ratio (σ) beneath seismic stations

序号	台站名	经度/(°)	纬度/(°)	H/km	κ	σ	构造单元
1	63058	101.8	35.2	57.61	1.69	0.23	西秦岭
2	63056	102.3	35.2	57.40	1.70	0.24
3	62359	102.5	35.2	51.58	1.80	0.28
4	63055	102.4	35.4	55.80	1.74	0.25
5	62361	102.9	35.2	54.56	1.64	0.21
6	62350	103.1	35.0	52.80	1.72	0.24	临夏地块
7	62371	103.3	35.5	51.60	1.81	0.28
8	62349	103.6	35.0	53.00	1.74	0.25
9	62362	103.7	35.3	51.01	1.84	0.29
10	62355	103.9	35.2	49.60	1.79	0.27
11	62364	104.2	35.4	50.80	1.73	0.25
12	62357	104.3	35.2	51.00	1.73	0.25	陇中地块
13	62348	104.6	34.9	47.60	1.75	0.26
14	62372	104.6	35.6	50.91	1.74	0.25
15	62368	105.0	35.5	46.03	1.90	0.31
16	62351	105.0	35.0	45.40	1.69	0.23
17	62360	105.2	35.2	46.40	1.79	0.27
18	62366	105.5	35.4	49.20	1.75	0.27
19	62352	105.5	35.1	45.60	1.72	0.24
20	62363	106.0	35.3	43.99	1.85	0.29	六盘山构造带
21	62354	106.2	35.1	45.40	1.78	0.27
22	62358	106.6	35.2	47.60	1.84	0.29
23	61058	106.6	35.0	46.60	1.77	0.27
24	62373	106.6	35.6	44.00	1.76	0.26
25	62356	107.0	35.2	49.04	1.65	0.21
26	62367	107.1	35.4	48.34	1.76	0.26	鄂尔多斯地块
27	62353	107.4	35.1	43.54	1.66	0.22
28	62369	107.5	35.5	45.50	1.78	0.27
29	61057	107.8	34.9	44.60	1.77	0.27
30	61060	107.8	35.2	46.00	1.66	0.25
31	62365	107.8	35.4	46.80	1.72	0.24
32	61059	108.1	35.1	43.51	1.78	0.27
33	62370	108.4	35.5	43.60	1.78	0.27

图5 研究区以台站为单位的接收函数波形叠加图

Fig.5 Stacked receiver function waveforms for each station in the study area

图6 研究区CCP叠加剖面结果 (叠加位置见图1实线AA' ) A—剖面地表起伏图;B—左侧标注是布格重力异常值,右侧是电导值,红色实线表示测线布格重力异常曲线,黑色虚线表示研究区平均布格重力异常值,蓝色实线表示局部电导曲线(位置见图1线4,引自文献[16]);C—共中心点叠加(CCP)剖面,黑色倒三角代表H-κ计算结果。图中缩写解释如下:NWQLF—西秦岭北缘断裂;MXSF—马衔山断裂;LPSF—六盘山断裂;XGSF—小关山断裂。

Fig.6 (a) Surface relief pattern, (b) gravity anomaly and electrical resistivity plots, and Common Conversion Point (CCP) image along line AA' (AA' location see Fig.1)

图7 研究区接收函数反演S波速度结果 (叠加位置见图1实线AA') A—剖面地表起伏图(图中缩写解释同图6A);B—复谱比法反演获得的剖面AA'的S波速度结构。

Fig.7 S-wave velocity inversion by P-wave receiver function along line AA' (AA' location see Fig.1)

图8 研究区平均地壳泊松比分布图 A—地质图(1.第四系沉积地层,2.新近系沉积地层,3.古近系沉积地层,4.下白垩统沉积地层,5.中白垩统沉积地层,6.上侏罗统沉积地层,7.侏罗纪二长花岗岩,8.侏罗纪花岗岩,9.侏罗纪石英闪长岩,10.三叠系沉积地层,11.三叠纪闪长玢岩,12.晚三叠世二长花岗岩,13.晚三叠世斑状花岗岩,14.晚三叠世石英闪长岩,15.下二叠统沉积地层,16.二叠纪花岗岩,17.石炭系沉积地层,18.石炭系基性火山岩,19.中志留统火山岩,20.上奥陶统火山岩,21.寒武系变质岩,22.古元古代变质岩);B—对应的平均地壳泊松比分布图。

Fig.8 Distribution map of average Poisson’s ratios for continental crust in the study area

图9 鄂尔多斯地块西南缘中侏罗世—早白垩世不整合接触关系图(引自文献[85⇓⇓-88,96-97,100]) A—鄂尔多斯地块西南缘白垩系地层与下伏地层的不整合接触综合图:①六盘山西麓断裂带;②海原—六盘山断裂;③青铜峡—固原断裂;④韦州—安国断裂;⑤青龙山—平凉断裂;⑥惠安堡—沙井子断裂。B—陇中地块及鄂尔多斯地块西南缘磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学反演热史模拟路径(b1陇中地块东缘西吉盆地样品;b2鄂尔多斯地块西南缘宝积山样品;b3六盘山构造带领区南华山样品;b4鄂尔多斯地块西南缘炭山样品);C—鄂尔多斯地块西南缘中生代地层柱状图;D—炭山反射地震剖面结果。

Fig.9 Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous unconformity relationships in the southwestern margin of the Ordos block. Modified from [85⇓⇓-88,96-97,100].

图10 构造演化模式图 A—早奥陶世之前研究区祁连洋闭合模式图;B—中侏罗世晚期—早白垩世岩石圈地壳缩短增厚过程;C—青藏高原东北缘晚新生代以来高原生长和扩展过程。

Fig.10 Structural evolution model for the study area

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