图1 脆性拆离型滑脱冲断构造作用与构造增生过程 a—基本构造样式模型;b—坡角演化模型;c—构造垂向抬升模型。

Fig.1 Brittle detachment-type thrust faults and related structural accretion behaviors (a) Basic structural model. (b) Surface slope angle evolution with increasing shortening. (c) Structural height growth with increasing shortening.

图2 塑性滑移型滑脱冲断构造模型与构造增生过程 a—基本构造样式模型;b—坡角演化模型;c—构造垂向抬升模型。

Fig.2 Ductile sliding-type thrust faults and related structural accretion behaviors. (a) Basic structural model. (b) Surface slope angle evolution with increasing shortening. (c) Structural height growth with increasing shortening.

图3 滑脱层厚度变化下的黏性流动型构造模型(据文献[33]修改)

Fig.3 Viscous flow-style thrust faults under variable salt thickness in a gravity-driven contractional system. Modified from [33].

图4 不同底部摩擦强度的单滑脱冲断构造结构

Fig.4 Schematics of thrust fault systems with different weak-layer strengths

图5 变形层厚度影响冲断带宽度和构造规模

Fig.5 Schematics of thrust fault belts with variable scale and width affected by competent-layer thickness

图6 变形层厚度影响下的冲断构造三维空间分布结构(左:鳞片状;右:排带状)

Fig.6 Three-dimensional spatial distribution of thrust blocks affected by competent-layer thickness. Left: Scale-like structure model. Right: Belted structure model.

图7 脆性-塑性滑脱层组合的同沉积变形实验模型

Fig.7 Analogue deformation models of brittle/ductile multilayer with different syn-tectonic sedimentary fillings

图8 双塑性层变形的外动力地质作用实验模型(左:实验模型;右:地质模型)

Fig.8 Analogue models (left panel) and geological interpretations (right panel) of coupled double weak-layer detachments under influence of different exogenic geological processes

图9 多滑脱层-多阶段物理模拟实验剖面构造变形过程 缩短速率0.005 mm/s,红色线段为活动断层、黑色为静止断层。

Fig.9 Deformation series showing the development and evolution of multi-stage multi-layer detachments under influence of exogenic geological processes. The shortening rate is 0.005 mm/s. Red and black segments indicate active and inactive faults, respectively.

图10 实验模型构造高程变化过程

Fig.10 Structural height evolution with increasing shortening

图11 脆性拆离型-塑性滑移型滑脱冲断组合变形过程

Fig.11 Deformation process of an analogue model simulating the development of combined brittle-ductile detachments

图12 中西部地区典型脆性拆离型-塑性滑移型滑脱冲断组合变形结构 A—库车冲断带[38];B—塔西南冲断带[56];C—米仓山冲断带[57]。

Fig.12 Cross-sections of typical fold-thrust belts of central and western China with combined brittle-ductile detachments. (A) The Kuqa fold-thrust belt (adapted from [38]). (B) The southwestern Tarim fold-thrust belt (adapted from 56). (C) The Michangshan fold-thrust belt (adapted from [57]).

图13 初始楔形地层结构双滑脱构造物理模拟实验模型

Fig.13 Deformation process of an analogue model with ductile/ductile double layer and an initial stratum wedge to develop coupled multi-layer detachments. Red and yellow segments indicate inactive and active faults, respectively.

图14 中西部地区典型塑性滑移-塑性滑移型滑脱冲断组合变形结构 A—川西南冲断带;B—川东褶皱带。

Fig.14 Cross-sections of typical fold-thrust belts of central and western China with combined ductile detachments. (A) The Southwestern Sichuan fold-thrust belt. (B) The Eastern Sichuan fold-thrust belt.

图15 准南中段前缘多滑脱冲断变形结构(左:地震剖面,右:构造剖面)

Fig.15 A cross-section of the Southern Junggar fold-thrust belt with multi-layer detachments. Left: Seismic profile. Right: Structural interpretation.

图16 前陆多滑脱冲断变形过程与结构模拟模型

Fig.16 Deformation process of an analogue model simulating the development of foreland multi-layer detachments

图17 中西部地区典型多滑脱冲断组合变形结构 A—川西北冲断带;B—准南冲断带。

Fig.17 Cross-sections of typical fold-thrust belts of central and western China with combined multi-layer detachments. (A) The Northwestern Sichuan fold-thrust belt. (B) The Southern Junggar fold-thrust belt.

图18 中西部再生前陆冲断带结构模型

Fig.18 A conceptual structural model of rejuvenated fold-thrust belts of central and western China

图19 中西部2类特征性再生前陆冲断带 A—两类特征性再生前陆冲断带分布示意图;B—中西部前陆盆地新生代沉积/剥蚀厚度统计图。

Fig.19 (A) Schematic distribution map of the two types of characteristic rejuvenated foreland fold-thrust belts of central and western China, and (B) Cenozoic sedimentary (blue)/denudation (red) thicknesses in the foreland basin.

图20 同沉积冲断型冲断带和抬升改造型冲断带油气聚集模式 A—同沉积冲断型;B—抬升改造型。

Fig.20 Hydrocarbon accumulation patterns in syn-sedimentary (left) and uplifted (right) rejuvenated foreland fold-thrust belts of central and western China