西藏加查地区特提斯喜马拉雅带晚三叠世地层重新厘定及构造变形研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.8.55

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (2): 35-56.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.8.55

所属专题：印度-欧亚大陆碰撞及其远程效应

• “印度-欧亚大陆碰撞及其远程效应”专栏之六 • 上一篇下一篇

西藏加查地区特提斯喜马拉雅带晚三叠世地层重新厘定及构造变形研究

唐宇¹(), 王根厚¹^,^*(), 韩芳林², 李典³, 梁晓¹, 冯翼鹏¹, 张莉⁴, 王卓胜², 韩宁¹

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
2.陕西省矿产地质调查中心, 陕西西安 710068
3.成都理工大学地球科学学院, 四川成都 610059
4.中国煤炭地质总局勘查研究总院, 北京 100039

收稿日期:2022-06-23 修回日期:2022-08-30 出版日期:2023-03-25 发布日期:2023-01-05
通信作者: 王根厚
作者简介:唐宇(1990—),男,博士研究生,主要从事构造地质学研究。E-mail: 382030483@qq.com
基金资助:
中国地质调查局项目“南羌塘中生代盆地区域地质专项调查”(1212011221115);中国地质调查局项目“藏西北铜多金属资源基地综合调查评价”(D20190167)

Late-Triassic stratigraphic redefinition of and structural deformation in the Tethys Himalayan Belt in Gyaca area, Tibet

TANG Yu¹(), WANG Genhou¹^,^*(), HAN Fanglin², LI Dian³, LIANG Xiao¹, FENG Yipeng¹, ZHANG Li⁴, WANG Zhuosheng², HAN Ning¹

1. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. Shaanxi Mineral Resources and Geological Survey, Xi’an 710068, China
3. College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
4. General Prospecting Institute of China National Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100039, China

Received:2022-06-23 Revised:2022-08-30 Online:2023-03-25 Published:2023-01-05
Contact: WANG Genhou

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

前人将西藏南部特提斯喜马拉雅带加查地区出露的上三叠统中低级变质岩组合“朗杰学群”统认为是一套深海-半深海复理石建造。近来调查研究发现,该晚三叠世地层中实则存在一陡立剪切带(SSB),其南北物质组成、构造变形以及变质作用等存在明显差异。SSB以北具有明显“岩块”+“基质”的增生杂岩特征,“岩块”主要包括变砂岩、灰岩、大理岩、绿片岩、玄武质片岩、变质基性岩、片理化阳起石岩和石榴石云母片岩等;“基质”主要由变质砂板岩、绢云千枚岩和绢云石英千枚岩(千糜岩)等组成,原生沉积构造基本不可见,未见化石保留。然而,SSB以南的地层主要为粗粒—细粒长英质砂岩、泥岩和浅变质板岩组成,重荷模、沟槽模、鲍玛序列、韵律层等原生沉积构造以及遗迹化石十分发育。构造解析表明增生杂岩主要发育两期构造变形:第一期构造变形(D₁)表现为顺层剪切形成向北缓倾、具有强烈透入分异面理、长英质脉体新生面理S₁,运动方向指示顶部朝南;第二期构造变形(D₂)表现为近南北向挤压应力作用形成的向南中-高角度倾斜构造置换面理S₂,运动学指示为顶部朝北逆冲剪切,顺劈理发育同构造中基性岩墙。SSB南侧地层主要发育一期近南北向挤压作用形成的褶皱-冲断构造,运动学指示为顶部朝南的逆冲剪切。加查增生杂岩中朝北逆冲叠瓦的构造样式与朗杰学群褶冲带中朝南逆冲叠瓦的构造样式共同构成正花状构造,锆石U-Pb年代学揭示增生杂岩“基质”时代与南部地层时代均为拉丁期—诺利期(242~220 Ma),增生杂岩中“岩块”时代有晚三叠世、晚侏罗世(146 Ma)和早白垩世(144 Ma),表现为“岩块”具有多时代特征。同构造中基性岩墙的形成时代为约56 Ma,代表北侧第二期构造变形事件发生在始新世早期,间接限定第一期构造变形可能发生在古新世—始新世之间。变形构造层次和构造演化研究认为,加查增生杂岩中发育的两期变形分别对应印度被动大陆北缘与亚洲大陆南缘之间的俯冲—增生和碰撞过程,即加查增生杂岩可能为印度被动陆缘俯冲形成。加查增生杂岩与朗杰学群褶冲带构成的正花状构造样式可能代表印度地壳增厚和喜马拉雅造山带隆升,SSB内发育朝南东东缓倾的线理构造,暗示动力学背景可能为始新世晚期印度地壳向亚洲大陆之下斜向俯冲。

关键词: 西藏, 特提斯喜马拉雅带, 晚三叠世地层, 构造变形

Abstract:

The Late-Triassic middle-low metamorphosed rock assemblage exposed in the Gyaca area of the northeastern Tethyan Himalaya, southern Tibet, including the Langjexue Group, had been regarded as a set of abyssal-bathyal flysch strata. This study reveals the Upper-Triassic strata are bounded by a steep shear zone (SSB) where obvious differences in composition, structural deformation and metamorphism between north and south are observed. The northern SSB is characterized by accretionary complex with a “matrix + blocks” structure, with little fossil preserved to reveal its primary sedimentary structure. The “blocks” are mainly composed of meta-sandstone, limestone, marble, green-schist, basaltic schist, metasdiabase, actinolite schist and garnet mica schist, while the “matrix” consists of sandy slate and sericite quartz phyllite (or phyllonite). Strata of the southern SSB chiefly consists of medium-fine grained felsic sandstones, mudstone and epimetamorphic slate. Sandstone layers display flute and groove casts, load casts, parallel lamination and graded bedding, while siltstone or mudstone beds preserve plant stem fossils and fodichnia. Structural analysis shows the Gyaca accretionary complex undergoes two stages of deformation (D₁ and D₂). D₁ is caused by bedding shearing in the top-to-south direction, which results in intensive penetrative foliation (S₁) and new-born felsic quartzose veins; and D₂ is characterized by middle-high dip angle with southward inclination-replaced foliation (S₂), consistent with north-south contraction deformation with top-to-south movement accompanied by syntectonic intermediate-basic veins. Meanwhile, under north-south compression stress, strata on the south side of SSB develop imbricated fold-thrust structure. Zircon U-Pb isotopic chronology reveals the “matrix” of the Gyaca accretionary complex and the southern Langjiexue strata are Latin to Norian (242-220 Ma), while the “blocks” include Late Triassic, Late Jurassic (146 Ma) and Early Cretaceous (144 Ma), showing multi-age characteristics. Besides, the timing of D₂ is constrained to be 56 Ma by ages of syntectonic dikes, representing early collision tectonics in the Early Eocene, which further, indirectly, indicates D₁ might have occurred during initial to early collision of India-Asia, i.e., in the Paleocene-Eocene. Research on deformation structures and tectonic evolution suggests the two stages of deformation in the Gyaca accretionary complex occur in responses, respectively, to subduction-accretion and early collision between the passive continental margin of India and Asian active margin. That is, the accretionary complex is formed by subduction of the passive continental margin of India, and the fold-thrust structure is induced by contraction of India and Asia. The positive flower-like ‘Gyaca accretionary complex-Langjiexue fold-thrust zone’ structure might represent thickening of the India crustal and uplift of the Himalaya orogenic belt. The development of south-south-east (SEE) lineations within SSB indicates its strike-slip tectonic characteristics, which might suggest diagonally downward collision between India and Asia in the Late Eocene.

Key words: Tibet, Tethys Himalayan Belt, Late Triassic strata, structural deformation

中图分类号:

唐宇, 王根厚, 韩芳林, 李典, 梁晓, 冯翼鹏, 张莉, 王卓胜, 韩宁. 西藏加查地区特提斯喜马拉雅带晚三叠世地层重新厘定及构造变形研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(2): 35-56.

TANG Yu, WANG Genhou, HAN Fanglin, LI Dian, LIANG Xiao, FENG Yipeng, ZHANG Li, WANG Zhuosheng, HAN Ning. Late-Triassic stratigraphic redefinition of and structural deformation in the Tethys Himalayan Belt in Gyaca area, Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(2): 35-56.

图/表 12

图1 特提斯喜马拉雅东段区域地质简图(据文献[15]修改)

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt. Modified after [15].

图2 特提斯喜马拉雅带东段加查地区地质简图

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the Gyaca area, eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt

图3 加查增生杂岩中“岩块”和“基质”组成特征 a—灰岩岩块和绢云石英千枚岩基质;b—辉绿岩、变基性岩和砂岩等岩块与绢云石英千枚岩和变质砂岩基质;c—变基性岩和灰岩岩块与绢云石英千枚岩基质;d—绿片岩岩块与绢云石英千枚岩基质;e—变砂岩岩块与绢云千枚岩基质;f—玄武质片岩岩块与绢云千枚岩基质;g—阳起石片岩岩块与石榴石英云母片岩基质;h—桑东岩组砂质板岩基质,发育少量石英脉;i—普姆岩组绢云千枚岩夹变砂岩基质,发育大量的石英脉;j—江惹岩组绢云长英质千枚岩基质,发育大量的石英脉;k—色拉岩组含石榴石石英云母片岩基质,脉体含量相对较少;l—邦浪岩组绢云石英千枚岩夹变砂岩,较多石英脉发育。

Fig.3 Compositional characteristics of “blocks” and “matrix” in the Gyaca accretionary complex

图4 晚三叠世朗杰学群组成特征 a—江雄组内中厚层砂岩与中薄层细砂岩组成的韵律层;b—江雄组中薄层砂岩和泥岩组成的韵律性层序;c—宋热组厚层砂岩和薄层泥岩组成的韵律层;d—涅如组中薄层砂岩和薄层泥岩(板岩)组成的韵律性层序;e—鲍玛序列ABCD段;f—包卷层理;g—粉砂岩中泥砾;h—含砾砂岩;i—沟槽模,镜头代表水流方向;j—粉砂岩中的底模构造;k—植物茎干化石;l—遗迹化石(虫迹)。

Fig.4 Compositional characteristics of the Late-Triassic Langjiexue Group

图5 加查增生杂岩的构造变形特征 a—变质粗砂岩和变质细砂岩原始残留的粒序层,显示层理倾向朝南的地层为倒转层序;b—原始变质砂岩和变质泥岩残留成分层S0组成的韵律层,显示地层层序为正常朝北缓倾,层理S0平行于变形面理S1,D1变形运动学具有上盘朝北的顺层剪切特征;c—图b橙色矩形放大,可见层理S0发生顺层剪切作用,导致岩石发生褶皱作用;d—成分层S0与S1变形面理(石英脉)发生褶皱作用形成S2逆冲剪切置换面理;e,f—原始成分层S0与新生面理S1呈平行关系,两者共同发生挤压褶皱作用,形成上盘朝北逆冲剪切面理和轴面劈理S2;g—S1面理和S2面理的相互关系,可见石英脉发生上盘朝北的逆冲剪切而形成的褶皱,粉砂质板岩发生面理置换形成置换面理S2;h,i,j—S1面理发生面理置换形成S2面理和轴面劈理;k—D1变形中残留的石英脉发生褶皱作用,S1面理被S2面理置换;l,m,n—D2变形强带,主要以大量置换面理S2和透镜状石英脉为主,少量石英脉形成无根沟状褶皱;o—D2变形强带(南侧)和D1变形强带(北侧),前者形成置换面理S2,后者石英脉体褶皱形成轴面劈理S2;p,q,r—都为顺S2面理发育的同构造(D2)中基性岩墙,p中可见残留的S1和中基性岩墙均被S2面理改造,r中可见中基性脉体与S2面理相互改造的证据(同构造)。白色实线代表S0,黄色短虚线代表S1,紫色长虚线代表S2,红色实线和箭头代表剪切面和剪切方向。

Fig.5 Structural deformation characteristics of the Gyaca accretionary complex

图6 特提斯喜马拉雅带东段晚三叠世构造-地层剖面地层单元和对应颜色参考图2中图例,图切剖面位置见图2中AB段和CD段。

Fig.6 Tectonostratigraphy profile of Late-Triassic strata of the eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt. Stratigraphic unit and color scheme refer to Fig.2; cross-section locations see Fig.2, lines AB, CD.

图7 上三叠统朗杰学群岩石构造变形特征 a—江雄组内部薄层砂岩发育的尖棱褶皱和推覆断层;b—江雄组内部发育的尖圆褶皱;c—宋热组内部粉砂岩发育的推覆断层和同斜褶皱;d—涅如组内部岩石发育的推覆断层、反冲断层及其相关褶皱样式;e—涅如组中薄层砂岩和薄层泥岩组成的向斜构造和逆冲断层;f—涅如组内部岩石发育的断层相关褶皱,可见砂岩标志层被明显的错断,显示断层性质为逆断层;g—涅如组内部薄层砂岩发育的断层相关及叠加褶皱;h—宋热组砂质板岩褶皱形成的轴面劈理S1;i—砂岩能干层和泥岩非能干层之间顺层剪切形成的层间劈理,指示上层面向上运动,表明地层层序正常;j—细砂岩与粉砂质泥岩层间剪切形成劈理。层理S0用黄色实线表示,轴面劈理S1用紫色虚线表示。

Fig.7 Structural deformation characteristics of the Late-Triassic Langjiexue Group. Yellow lines represent bedding (S0); purple lines refer to axial-plane cleavage (S1).

图8 特提斯喜马拉雅带东段晚三叠世构造-地层构造样式简化图地层单元参考图2中图例所示。

Fig.8 Schematic diagram showing the tectonostratigraphic framework of the Late-Triassic strata of the eastern Tethys Himalayan Belt. Stratigraphic units refer to Fig.2.

图9 特提斯喜马拉雅带东段晚三叠世构造-地层碎屑锆石谐和图 a,b—桑东岩组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图;c—普姆岩组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图;d—江惹岩组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图;e—色拉岩组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图;f—邦浪岩组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图;g,h—江雄组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图;i,j—宋热组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图;k,l—涅如组碎屑锆石年龄谐和图。Mean为均值年龄,MSWD为平均标准加权偏差,n为锆石数量。

Fig.9 Detrital zircon concordance of the Late Triassic tectonostratigraphy on the eastern Tethys Himalayan belt

图10 加查增生杂岩中变基性岩岩块的锆石年龄谐和图(a, c)和均值图(b, d) Mean为均值年龄,MSWD为平均标准加权偏差,n为锆石数量。

Fig.10 Zircon concordance (a, c) and weighted mean age (b, d) plots for zircon grains from metabasite blocks in the Gyaca accretionary complex

图11 同构造中基性岩墙或岩墙的锆石年龄谐和图(a, c)和均值图(b, d) Mean为均值年龄,MSWD为平均标准加权偏差,n为锆石数量。

Fig.11 Zircon concordance (a, c) and weighted mean age (b, d) plots for zircon grains from syntectonic intermediate-mafic veins or dikes

图12 印度被动陆缘的俯冲—增生—碰撞过程 a—印度与亚洲大陆的初始碰撞,印度被动大陆边缘之上沉积的晚三叠世物质与亚洲大陆发生接触;b—印度被动陆缘的俯冲—增生过程,北侧部分晚三叠世物质进入俯冲带,发生上盘朝南的顺层剪切变形(南侧物质未进入因而没有发生变形),形成S1面理和陆缘俯冲增生杂岩,原始洋壳增生杂岩可能遭受俯冲侵蚀作用被带入俯冲带而消失;c—印度与亚洲大陆的同碰撞作用的开启,陆壳增生杂岩中S1面理和未进入俯冲带的朗杰学群原始层理S0一起发生上盘朝南的挤压逆冲剪切变形,形成S2面理和初始的褶皱冲断带;d—后碰撞阶段,印度与亚洲大陆持续的碰撞和挤压,引起增生杂岩内部运动学表现为上盘朝北的逆冲剪切,而朗杰学群则表现为上盘朝南的逆冲剪切,两者形成具有正花状构造的叠瓦式褶冲带,走滑剪切带发育向SEE缓倾的线理构造,推测印度-亚洲大陆之间的碰撞方式可能为一种斜向碰撞。GA:岗底斯岩浆弧;OC:大洋板片;IPCM:印度被动大陆边缘;ACOS:大洋俯冲增生杂岩;ACCS:大陆俯冲增生杂岩;IFTZ:叠瓦式褶冲带;T3L:上三叠统朗杰学群;T3:晚三叠世地层。

Fig.12 Passive continental margin of India subduction-accretion-collision process

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西藏加查地区特提斯喜马拉雅带晚三叠世地层重新厘定及构造变形研究

Late-Triassic stratigraphic redefinition of and structural deformation in the Tethys Himalayan Belt in Gyaca area, Tibet

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