西藏冈底斯西段银锡铜多金属成矿系列与找矿方向

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.19

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (3): 379-402.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.19

• 成矿模式与定量找矿模型 • 上一篇下一篇

西藏冈底斯西段银锡铜多金属成矿系列与找矿方向

郑有业¹^,²(), 次琼³, 高顺宝⁴, 吴松², 姜晓佳⁴, 陈鑫⁴

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
3.西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队, 西藏拉萨 850000
4.中国地质大学(武汉) 地质调查研究院, 湖北武汉 430074

收稿日期:2021-01-07 修回日期:2021-02-27 出版日期:2021-05-20 发布日期:2021-05-23
作者简介:郑有业(1962—),男,博士,长江学者特聘教授,主要从事成矿规律、找矿理论、方法技术及矿产勘查评价工作。E-mail: zhyouye@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42072109);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0601506);国家青藏专项(1212011220664)

The Ag-Sn-Cu polymetallic minerogenetic series and prospecting direction in the western Gangdese belt, Tibet

ZHENG Youye¹^,²(), CI Qiong³, GAO Shunbao⁴, WU Song², JIANG Xiaojia⁴, CHEN Xin⁴

1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. No.2 Geological Party, Tibet Autonomous Region Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Lhasa 850000, China
4. Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

Received:2021-01-07 Revised:2021-02-27 Online:2021-05-20 Published:2021-05-23

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为目前我国规模第一的冈底斯巨型铜多金属成矿带,其东段斑岩铜多金属找矿已取得历史性重大突破,发现了驱龙、甲玛等一系列大-超大型矿床。而西段由于复杂的构造背景、不便的交通条件、极低的地质研究和矿产工作程度,相对于东段具有不同的地壳结构和性质,不均一的地幔属性及壳幔作用方式,以及大面积的火山岩覆盖,使得冈底斯西段的成矿类型、找矿潜力等存在很大的不确定性和争议。在科学技术部、中国地质调查局等大力支持下,通过应用赵鹏大院士的“地质异常成矿预测理论”及开展的一系列技术方法创新、靶区优选与应用示范,在厘清区域成矿规律、发现新矿种、新类型、新矿床等方面均取得重大进展或突破,新发现了帮布勒铅锌银铜、拔隆银铅锌锡、打加错银铅锌、诺仓铅锌银钨、桑莫拉锡金等一批具有中-大型以上找矿前景的银锡金铜铅锌钨矿床,而且还发现冈底斯东、西段成矿存在极大差异:西段除了传统的斑岩型铜钼金、夕卡岩型铁铅锌铜(银)等矿床外,与陆相(次)火山岩有关的浅成低温热液型银锡(金)多金属矿床、特别是银锡或独立银矿床,是冈底斯西段最有找矿潜力的矿床类型(类似于东段的斑岩型),主要受古老基底、逆冲推覆构造、火山机构及次火山岩、晚古生代地体建造等的耦合控制。化探异常元素主要为Ag、Pb、Zn、Sn、Cu、Au、As、Sb、Mn等,其中高强度的Ag、Sn、Au是特征性异常元素,从而可以与单纯的夕卡岩型、岩浆热液型矿床相区别。这些矿床主要分布在冈底斯火山岩浆弧和弧背断隆带,与不同期次和成因的火山岩浆活动密切相关,据此划分出与晚三叠世弧岩浆作用有关的斑岩型铜金、与早白垩世弧岩浆作用有关的夕卡岩-浅成低温热液型铁银铅锌(锡)、与晚白垩世岩浆作用有关的夕卡岩型铁铜铅锌(银)、与古新世—始新世中酸性侵入岩有关的斑岩-夕卡岩型铁铜钼铅锌(银)、与古新世陆相(次)火山岩有关的浅成低温热液型银铅锌(锡金)、与中新世岩浆作用有关的斑岩-夕卡岩-浅成低温热液型铜钼金铅锌银6大成矿系列,明确了冈底斯西段的矿种、找矿类型及找矿方向,并客观评价了其资源潜力。根据成矿地质条件、已知矿床的分布以及找矿前景等要素,在冈底斯西段进一步划分出隆格尔铅锌铁铜、尼雄—日阿铁铜、朱诺—罗布真铜钼金、查个勒—诺仓银锡铅锌铜钼、热布喀银锡铅锌等5个矿集区,特别是朱诺—罗布真、查个勒—诺仓2个矿集区呈现出巨大的找矿前景,将会成为冈底斯西段最重要、最能取得重大突破的铜多金属、银锡多金属勘查基地,为该带进一步的找矿勘查工作部署提供了决策依据及目标。

关键词: 成矿作用, 成矿系列, 找矿新发现, 新矿种, 新类型, 冈底斯西段, 西藏

Abstract:

The Gangdese belt is the largest copper polymetallic metallogenic belt in China. A historical breakthrough has been made in porphyry-copper polymetallic prospecting by the discovery of a series of large-giant deposits, including the Qulong and Jiama deposits, in the eastern Gangdese belt. In contrast, very little geological research has been done in the western Gangdese belt due to the complex tectonic background and poor road conditions. The western Gangdese belt has different crustal structure and properties from its eastern counterpart, where heterogeneous mantle properties, crust-mantle interaction, and the large volcanic rock cover led to great uncertainty and controversy over its genetic type and ore prospecting potential. In this contribution, with the substantial support of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the China Geological Survey, we made great progress or breakthroughs in clarifying the regional metallogenesis and in the discovery of new rock types, mineral species and deposits, through the application of the geo-anomaly theory developed by academician Zhao Pengda, and through a series of technological innovations, target selection, and target explorations. We discovered a number of Ag-Sn-Au-Cu-Pb-Zn-W deposits with medium to large prospecting prospects, such as the Bangbule Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu, Balong Ag-Pb-Zn-Sn, Dajiacuo Ag-Pb-Zn, Nuocang Pb-Zn-Ag-W, and Sangmola Sn-Au deposits. We also found very different metallogenic processes of the eastern and western Gangdese belt. In the western Gangdese belt, in addition to the traditional porphyry Cu-Mo-Au and skarn Fe-Pb-Zn-Cu(Ag) deposits, the continental (sub-)volcanic rock-related epithermal Ag-Sn(Au) polymetallic deposits (especially Ag-Sn or independent Ag deposits) have the highest prospecting potentials. This deposit type is mainly controlled by the coupling of ancient basement, thrust-nappe structure, sub-volcanic structure, sub-volcanic rocks, and late Paleozoic terrane. The geochemical anomaly elements are mainly Ag, Pb, Zn, Sn, Cu, Au, As, Sb, Mn, and so on, among which the rich elements Ag, Sn and Au have characteristic geochemical anomalies, therefore they can be distinguished from simple skarn and magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. These deposits are closely related to the stage and genesis of volcanic magmatic activities, and mainly distributed in the Gangdese volcanic magmatic arc, and arc-back fault uplift zone. Thus, six metallogenic series were recognized as (1) the porphyry Cu-Au series related to late Triassic arc magmatism; (2) the skarn-epithermal Fe-Ag-Pb-Zn (Sn) series to early Cretaceous arc magmatism; (3) the skarn Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn(Ag) series to late Cretaceous magmatism; (4) the porphyry skarn Fe-Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn(Ag) series to Paleocene Eocene intermediate acid intrusive rocks; (5) the epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn(Sn-Au) series to Paleocene continental (sub-)volcanic rocks; and (6) the porphyry skarn epithermal Cu-Mo-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag series to Miocene magmatism. These metallogenic series define the mineral species, prospecting types, and prospecting direction of the western Gangdese, and objectively demonstrate its resource potential. According to the mineralization condition, distribution of known deposits, and prospecting potentials, five ore clusters were further delineated in the western Gangdese. They are the Longgeer Pb-Zn-Fe-Cu, Nixiong-Ria Fe-Cu, Zhunuo-Luobuzhen Cu-Mo-Au, Chagele-Nuocang Ag-Sn-Pb-Zn-Cu-Mo, and Rebuka Ag-Sn-Pb-Zn-Pb-Zn ore clusters. In particular, the ore-rich Zhunuo-Luobuzhen and Chagele-Nuocang areas show great prospecting potentials. They will become the most important Cu and Ag-Sn polymetallic exploration bases in the western Gangdese belt, hereto providing a decision-making basis and direction for further prospecting and exploration in the region.

Key words: mineralization, metallogenic series, new discoveries in ore prospecting, new minerals, new types of deposit, western Gangdese belt, Tibet

中图分类号:

P611
P612

郑有业, 次琼, 高顺宝, 吴松, 姜晓佳, 陈鑫. 西藏冈底斯西段银锡铜多金属成矿系列与找矿方向[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(3): 379-402.

ZHENG Youye, CI Qiong, GAO Shunbao, WU Song, JIANG Xiaojia, CHEN Xin. The Ag-Sn-Cu polymetallic minerogenetic series and prospecting direction in the western Gangdese belt, Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(3): 379-402.

图/表 18

图1 青藏高原构造单元图(a)及冈底斯成矿带地质矿产简图(b)(图中矿床编号与表1相对应)(a据文献[1];b据文献[2]修编)

Fig.1 (a) Simplified tectonic map of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (adapted from [1]) showing the tectonic unit divisions, and (b) simplified geological map of the Gangdese metallogenic belt (adapted from [2]) showing the distribution of main mineral resources

表1 冈底斯西段银锡铜多金属成矿带主要矿床特征

Table 1 Principal characteristics of major deposits in the Ag-Sn-Cu polymetallic metallogenic belt of western Gangdese

编号	矿床名称	资源量/品位	矿化类型	赋矿围岩	成岩成矿年龄/Ma	资料来源
1	哥布弄巴	铁矿石约10 802万吨	夕卡岩型铁铜铅锌	古新世二长花岗岩、闪长玢岩,下白垩统捷嘎组灰岩	59.22(白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[34]
2	帮布勒	铅锌约70万吨,银约170吨,铜约1 259吨;平均品位Pb 2.84%, Zn 3.30%,Ag 14.83 g/t,Cu 1.16%	夕卡岩型铅锌银铜	晚白垩世石英斑岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩,上石炭统—下二叠统拉嘎组砂岩、板岩	约77(锆石U-Pb)	文献[35]
3	隆格尔	铁矿石约4 039万吨;平均品位TFe 60.66%~62.67%	夕卡岩型铁	晚白垩世闪长岩,早白垩世花岗闪长岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	93.71(金云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[36]
4	洛布勒	不详	夕卡岩型铁	早白垩世花岗闪长岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩	111.3(锆石U-Pb)	文献[37]
5	尼雄	铁矿石约13 800万吨;平均品位TFe 60%	夕卡岩型铁	早白垩世花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩,上二叠统敌布错组碎屑岩	112.3(金云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[38,39]
6	日阿	铜约6万吨;平均品位Cu 1.81%	夕卡岩型铜	晚白垩世黑云母二长花岗岩、辉绿玢岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	87.69(金云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[40]
7	诺仓	铅锌约15万吨, 银约150吨,铜约788吨;平均品位Pb 3.94%, Zn 6.85%,Ag 111.63 g/t,Cu 0.76%	夕卡岩型铅锌银铜	古新世二长花岗岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩、砂岩	59.83(白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	姜军胜等, 未刊资料
8	龙根	铅锌约19万吨, 银约123吨;平均品位Pb 5.23%, Zn 4.54%,Ag 62.17 g/t	夕卡岩型铅锌银铜	古新世花岗斑岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩、板岩	59.1(闪锌矿Rb-Sr)	文献[41]
9	查个勒	铅锌111万吨, 银128吨,铜6 545吨,钼4 733吨;平均品位Pb 2.05%,Zn 3.28%,Ag 6.13 g/t,Cu 0.70%,Mo 0.062%	斑岩-夕卡岩型铅锌铜钼	古新世花岗斑岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩、砂岩、板岩	61.49(辉钼矿Re-Os)	文献[42,43]
10	芽瓦夹格	不详	斑岩型铜金	晚三叠世石英二长斑岩	213.1、212.0(辉钼矿Re-Os)	文献[44]
11	北纳	不详	浅成低温热液型铅锌银铜	古新统典中组次火山岩、火山碎屑岩	约64.6(锆石U-Pb年龄)	文献[45]
12	打加错	铅锌约10万吨,银约350吨;平均品位Pb 3.23%, Zn 3.52%,Ag 99.29 g/t	浅成低温热液型银铅锌铜	古新统典中组次火山岩、火山碎屑岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩、砂岩	61.04(辉钼矿Re-Os)	姜晓佳等, 未刊资料
13	查孜	铅锌约6万吨, 银约20吨;平均品位Pb 11.44%,Zn 4.40%,Ag 55.27 g/t	热液型铅锌银	下二叠统昂杰组砂岩、板岩	不详
14	拔隆	银约750吨,铅锌约3.7万吨;平均品位Ag 250 g/t, Pb 2.03%, Zn 1.58%	浅成低温热液型银锡铅锌	下白垩统则弄群火山碎屑岩	约126.5(锆石U-Pb年龄)	文献[23]
15	朱诺	铜308.9万吨,金44.4吨,银1 506.3吨,钼6.3万吨;平均品位Cu 0.57%,Mo 0.017%,Au 0.13 g/t,Ag 2.5 g/t	斑岩型铜钼	中新世斑状二长花岗岩、二长花岗斑岩、花岗斑岩等	13.7(辉钼矿Re-Os)	文献[6]
编号	矿床名称	资源量/品位	矿化类型	赋矿围岩	成岩成矿年龄/Ma	资料来源
16	罗布真	金6 097 kg,4.79 g/t;银164吨,128.74 g/t;铅锌约5万吨,Pb 2.68%, Zn 1.21%	浅成低温热液型银金铅锌	始新统帕那组火山岩,中新世花岗斑岩	50.1、17.1(锆石U-Pb年龄);21.1(石英脉Rb-Sr等时线)	文献[46,47]
17	恰功	铁矿石约4 400 万吨;平均品位TFe 33%	夕卡岩型铁	古新世二长花岗斑岩,下白垩统塔克那组灰岩	67.42(锆石U-Pb年龄)	文献[48]
18	加多捕勒	不详	夕卡岩型铁铜	始新世黑云母二长花岗岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	50.9(锆石U-Pb)	文献[49]
19	斯弄多	铅锌约41万吨,银约400吨;平均品位Pb 6.68%, Zn 6.32%, Ag>50 g/t	浅成低温热液型银铅锌	古新统典中组次火山岩、隐爆角砾岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩、砂岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	60.85、63.01(伊利石Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[25,26]
20	纳如松多	铅锌约45万吨, Ag≈136吨,铜约9 382吨;平均品位Pb+Zn 12%	浅成低温热液型铅锌银	古新统典中组火山岩、隐爆角砾岩,古新世花岗斑岩	57.81(绢云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[24,50-51]

表1 冈底斯西段银锡铜多金属成矿带主要矿床特征

Table 1 Principal characteristics of major deposits in the Ag-Sn-Cu polymetallic metallogenic belt of western Gangdese

编号	矿床名称	资源量/品位	矿化类型	赋矿围岩	成岩成矿年龄/Ma	资料来源
1	哥布弄巴	铁矿石约10 802万吨	夕卡岩型铁铜铅锌	古新世二长花岗岩、闪长玢岩,下白垩统捷嘎组灰岩	59.22(白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[34]
2	帮布勒	铅锌约70万吨,银约170吨,铜约1 259吨;平均品位Pb 2.84%, Zn 3.30%,Ag 14.83 g/t,Cu 1.16%	夕卡岩型铅锌银铜	晚白垩世石英斑岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩,上石炭统—下二叠统拉嘎组砂岩、板岩	约77(锆石U-Pb)	文献[35]
3	隆格尔	铁矿石约4 039万吨;平均品位TFe 60.66%~62.67%	夕卡岩型铁	晚白垩世闪长岩,早白垩世花岗闪长岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	93.71(金云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[36]
4	洛布勒	不详	夕卡岩型铁	早白垩世花岗闪长岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩	111.3(锆石U-Pb)	文献[37]
5	尼雄	铁矿石约13 800万吨;平均品位TFe 60%	夕卡岩型铁	早白垩世花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩,上二叠统敌布错组碎屑岩	112.3(金云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[38,39]
6	日阿	铜约6万吨;平均品位Cu 1.81%	夕卡岩型铜	晚白垩世黑云母二长花岗岩、辉绿玢岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	87.69(金云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[40]
7	诺仓	铅锌约15万吨, 银约150吨,铜约788吨;平均品位Pb 3.94%, Zn 6.85%,Ag 111.63 g/t,Cu 0.76%	夕卡岩型铅锌银铜	古新世二长花岗岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩、砂岩	59.83(白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	姜军胜等, 未刊资料
8	龙根	铅锌约19万吨, 银约123吨;平均品位Pb 5.23%, Zn 4.54%,Ag 62.17 g/t	夕卡岩型铅锌银铜	古新世花岗斑岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩、板岩	59.1(闪锌矿Rb-Sr)	文献[41]
9	查个勒	铅锌111万吨, 银128吨,铜6 545吨,钼4 733吨;平均品位Pb 2.05%,Zn 3.28%,Ag 6.13 g/t,Cu 0.70%,Mo 0.062%	斑岩-夕卡岩型铅锌铜钼	古新世花岗斑岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩、砂岩、板岩	61.49(辉钼矿Re-Os)	文献[42,43]
10	芽瓦夹格	不详	斑岩型铜金	晚三叠世石英二长斑岩	213.1、212.0(辉钼矿Re-Os)	文献[44]
11	北纳	不详	浅成低温热液型铅锌银铜	古新统典中组次火山岩、火山碎屑岩	约64.6(锆石U-Pb年龄)	文献[45]
12	打加错	铅锌约10万吨,银约350吨;平均品位Pb 3.23%, Zn 3.52%,Ag 99.29 g/t	浅成低温热液型银铅锌铜	古新统典中组次火山岩、火山碎屑岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩、砂岩	61.04(辉钼矿Re-Os)	姜晓佳等, 未刊资料
13	查孜	铅锌约6万吨, 银约20吨;平均品位Pb 11.44%,Zn 4.40%,Ag 55.27 g/t	热液型铅锌银	下二叠统昂杰组砂岩、板岩	不详
14	拔隆	银约750吨,铅锌约3.7万吨;平均品位Ag 250 g/t, Pb 2.03%, Zn 1.58%	浅成低温热液型银锡铅锌	下白垩统则弄群火山碎屑岩	约126.5(锆石U-Pb年龄)	文献[23]
15	朱诺	铜308.9万吨,金44.4吨,银1 506.3吨,钼6.3万吨;平均品位Cu 0.57%,Mo 0.017%,Au 0.13 g/t,Ag 2.5 g/t	斑岩型铜钼	中新世斑状二长花岗岩、二长花岗斑岩、花岗斑岩等	13.7(辉钼矿Re-Os)	文献[6]
编号	矿床名称	资源量/品位	矿化类型	赋矿围岩	成岩成矿年龄/Ma	资料来源
16	罗布真	金6 097 kg,4.79 g/t;银164吨,128.74 g/t;铅锌约5万吨,Pb 2.68%, Zn 1.21%	浅成低温热液型银金铅锌	始新统帕那组火山岩,中新世花岗斑岩	50.1、17.1(锆石U-Pb年龄);21.1(石英脉Rb-Sr等时线)	文献[46,47]
17	恰功	铁矿石约4 400 万吨;平均品位TFe 33%	夕卡岩型铁	古新世二长花岗斑岩,下白垩统塔克那组灰岩	67.42(锆石U-Pb年龄)	文献[48]
18	加多捕勒	不详	夕卡岩型铁铜	始新世黑云母二长花岗岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	50.9(锆石U-Pb)	文献[49]
19	斯弄多	铅锌约41万吨,银约400吨;平均品位Pb 6.68%, Zn 6.32%, Ag>50 g/t	浅成低温热液型银铅锌	古新统典中组次火山岩、隐爆角砾岩,下二叠统昂杰组灰岩、砂岩,中二叠统下拉组灰岩	60.85、63.01(伊利石Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[25,26]
20	纳如松多	铅锌约45万吨, Ag≈136吨,铜约9 382吨;平均品位Pb+Zn 12%	浅成低温热液型铅锌银	古新统典中组火山岩、隐爆角砾岩,古新世花岗斑岩	57.81(绢云母Ar-Ar坪年龄)	文献[24,50-51]

图2 芽瓦夹格铜金矿区地质简图(据文献[52]修改)

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the Yawa’jiage porphyry Cu-Au deposit. Modified from [52].

图3 芽瓦夹格铜(金)矿野外及镜下特征 (据文献[54]) a—芽瓦夹格铜(金)矿蚀变分带特征;b—芽瓦夹格二长闪长岩中的石英二长斑岩脉;c—孔雀石化、蓝铜矿化的石英二长斑岩;d、e—S2阶段石英多金属硫化物细脉(B脉);f—石英二长斑岩中S1阶段的石英-硫化物脉(A3脉)被S3阶段的石英-方解石-绿帘石脉(D2脉)穿插;g—i—硫化物镜下特征。Cal—方解石;Sul—金属硫化物;Py—黄铁矿;Cpy—黄铜矿;Pyo—磁黄铁矿;Mol—辉钼矿;Rut—金红石;Ep—绿帘石;Qtz—石英。

Fig.3 Alteration zones (a) microscopic characteristics of various rock types (b-i) in the Yawa’jiage Cu (Au) deposit. Adapted from [54].

图4 帮布勒矿区地质简图和矿化特征照片①(①郑有业等对图4进行过讨论。) (a)矿区地质简图;(b)矿区地表典型矿化剖面简图;(c)石英斑岩手标本;(d)石榴子石夕卡岩;(e)铜矿石;(f)铅锌矿石;(g)阳起石透辉石夕卡岩。Sk—夕卡岩;Mb—大理岩;Ls—灰岩。

Fig.4 (a) Simplified geological map of the Bangbule deposit, (b) a sketch of the mineralization zones in the mining district, and (c-g) photo of ore specimen or rocks from selected mineralization zone①

图5 帮布勒矿区中部31勘探线剖面图及代表性矿石照片①(①郑有业等对图5进行过讨论。) (a)—矿区31线勘探线剖面图;(b)—浅部夕卡岩中的低品位铁铜铅锌矿石;(c)—中部大理岩中的团块状铜铅锌矿石; (d)—深部大理岩与夕卡岩边界的高品位致密块状铅锌铜矿石。

Fig.5 (a) Profile map of the No.31 prospecting line of and (b-d) example ofore specimen(s) from the middle section of the Bangbule deposit.①

图6 拔隆矿区火山机构(a)及矿床地质简图(b) (据文献[23])

Fig.6 Volcanic edifice (a) and simplified geological map (b) of the Balong deposit. Adapted from [23].

图7 拔隆矿床典型岩石和矿石特征 (据文献[23]) (a)—球粒状流纹岩;(b)—流纹质晶屑熔结凝灰岩(矿区地表主要含矿火山岩);(c)—火山角砾岩;(d)—(f)—矿区地表受构造控制的矿体露头;(g)—火山岩中受构造控制的黄铁矿脉;(h)—流纹质晶屑凝灰岩中细脉状角砾状银铅锌(锡)矿石,具硅化、方解石化;(i)—硅化、方解石化、菱铁矿化银铅锌矿石;(j)—硅化、绢云母化、方解石化、菱铁矿化银铅锌矿石;(k)—黄铁绢英岩化铅锌矿石,以含有大量黄铁矿为特征;(l)—硅化、绢云母化、方解石化、菱铁矿化银铅锌矿石,局部具有角砾状特征。Gn—方铅矿;Sph—闪锌矿;Py—黄铁矿;Qtz—石英;Cal—方解石;Ser—绢云母;Sde—菱铁矿;Lm—褐铁矿;F—断裂。

Fig.7 Typical rocks and ore specimens from the Balong deposit. Adapted from [23].

图8 打加错银多金属矿床地质图①(①郑有业等对图8进行过讨论。)

Fig.8 Simplified geological map of the Dajiacuo Ag polymetallic deposit①

图9 打加错矿床矿化特征①(①郑有业等对图9进行过讨论。) a—f为手标本特征,g—l为显微镜下特征。a—黄铁矿呈星点状分布于石榴子石夕卡岩中;b—黄铁矿、方铅矿呈星点状分布于透辉石夕卡岩中;c—黄铁矿、闪锌矿呈星点状分布于绿帘石夕卡岩中;d—铅锌矿矿石,闪锌矿与方铅矿呈团块状分布;e—方铅矿呈脉状分布于石英脉中;f—块状磁黄铁矿矿石;g—单偏光镜下,石榴子石具环带结构;h—石榴子石与透辉石共生,并被方解石交代;i—方铅矿被辉银矿、闪锌矿交代;j—方铅矿被黝铜矿、黄铜矿交代,黝铜矿与闪锌矿共生;k—黄铜矿与闪锌矿呈固溶体结构,磁黄铁矿交代闪锌矿;l—闪锌矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿分布于石英脉中。Grt—石榴子石;Di—透辉石;Ep—绿帘石;Qtz—石英;Py—黄铁矿;Po—磁黄铁矿;Gn—方铅矿;Sph—闪锌矿;Cpy—黄铜矿;Aeg—辉银矿;Zo—黝铜矿;Cal—方解石。

Fig.9 Mineralization characteristics of the Dajiacuo deposit①

图10 冈底斯西段主要矿床类型与成矿系列

Fig.10 The main deposit types and metallogenic series in the western Gangdese belt

图11 冈底斯成矿带5期斑岩铜多金属成矿事件 (成矿年龄数据来自文献[2,6,9-11,14,44,55,60])

Fig.11 Five porphyry Cu polymetallic metallogenic events in the Gangdese belt (metallogenic age data from [2,6,9-11,14,44,55,60])

图12 世界典型银锡多金属矿床矿化蚀变分带模式图 (a据文献[66])和拔隆矿床成矿模式图(b据文献[23])

Fig.12 (a) Zonation model of mineralization and wallrock alteration in the world’s Ag-Sn polymetallic deposits (adapted from [66]), and (b) metallogenic model of the Balong deposit (adapted from [23])

图13 冈底斯带不同时代铁矿床分布图 (据文献[36])

Fig.13 Distribution map of Fe deposits at different ages of the Gangdese belt. Adapted from [36].

图14 冈底斯西段三期铁成矿岩体地球化学图解(据文献[34]修改)

Fig.14 Geochemical discrimination diagram (a, b), chondrite-normalized REE diagram (c), and primitive mantle-normalized incompatible element spidergram (d) for the three stages of Fe metallogenic intrusions in the western Gangdise belt. Modified from [34].

图15 西藏措勤县桑莫拉—错丁地区1:5万水系沉积物Ag、Sn、Pb、Zn异常剖析图

Fig.15 Composite diagram showing high Ag, Sn, Pb, and Zn geochemical sketch map (1:50000) of a stream sediment in the Sangmola-Cuoding area, Cuoqin County, Tibet

图16 冈底斯西段1:50万浅成低温热液型银锡多金属矿床类型异常及靶区优选图图中等值线异常作图数据为Ag、Sn、Pb、Zn、Mn、Au、As、Sb元素矿集系数累加值。

Fig.16 Map (1:500000) of geochemical anomaly and ore prospecting target for the epithermal Ag-Sn polymetallic deposits in the western Gengdese belt

图17 冈底斯西段主要矿集区分布图

Fig.17 Distribution map of the main ore clusters in the western Gangdese belt

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西藏冈底斯西段银锡铜多金属成矿系列与找矿方向

The Ag-Sn-Cu polymetallic minerogenetic series and prospecting direction in the western Gangdese belt, Tibet

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