西藏北喜马拉雅成矿带锑金属成矿作用及找矿方向

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.5

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (1): 200-230.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.5

• 稀贵稀散金属成矿构造背景及成矿规律 • 上一篇下一篇

西藏北喜马拉雅成矿带锑金属成矿作用及找矿方向

郑有业¹^,²(), 王达¹, 易建洲³, 余泽章⁴, 蒋宗洋³, 李晓霞⁵, 史功文⁵, 许剑⁵, 梁遇春⁵, 豆孝芳¹, 任欢¹

1.地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室; 中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
2.地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室; 中国地质大学(武汉) 资源学院, 湖北武汉 430074
3.西藏自治区土地矿权交易和储量评审中心, 西藏拉萨 850000
4.西藏鑫湖矿业有限公司, 西藏拉萨 850000
5.西藏华钰矿业股份有限公司, 西藏拉萨850000

收稿日期:2020-08-17 修回日期:2021-06-28 出版日期:2022-01-25 发布日期:2022-02-22
作者简介:郑有业(1962—),男,博士,长江学者特聘教授,主要从事找矿理论、成矿规律及矿产勘查评价工作。E-mail: Zhyouye@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42072109);国家青藏专项(DD20190147-05)

Antimony mineralization and prospecting orientation in the North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt, Tibet

ZHENG Youye¹^,²(), WANG Da¹, YI Jianzhou³, YU Zezhang⁴, JIANG Zongyang³, LI Xiaoxia⁵, SHI Gongwen⁵, XU Jian⁵, LIANG Yuchun⁵, DOU Xiaofang¹, REN Huan¹

1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources; Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
3. Tibet Autonomous Region Land-use and Mining Rights Transaction and Resource Reserves Assessment Center, Lhasa 850000, China
4. Tibet Xinhu Mining Limited Company, Lhasa 850000, China
5. Tibet Huayu Mining Limited Company, Lhasa 850000, China

Received:2020-08-17 Revised:2021-06-28 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-02-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

北喜马拉雅成矿带是全球巨型成矿带——特提斯—喜马拉雅成矿域的重要组成部分,发育一系列锑、锑金、锑多金属、金、铅锌银、钨锡(铍)、汞、铯为主的矿床或矿(化)点,是全球地质学家关注的热点区域。北喜马拉雅成矿带锑成矿作用时间集中在24~16 Ma之间,与后碰撞造山成矿事件(N₁: 25~9 Ma)时间一致,锑来源于深部岩浆减压分熔形成的富含挥发分的次火山岩浆活动,形成喷流沉积-改造型、岩浆热液型、热泉型矿床系列。因此,矿区内的幔源基性-中性脉岩是锑成矿的重要控制因素,也是找矿的重要标志。Sb元素异常主要围绕羊卓雍错裂谷盆地边缘分布,部分与Au元素异常重合。Sb异常主要与低温热液矿床相关,可单独成矿,亦可与Au共生。当Sb异常与Pb-Zn-Ag异常组合在一起时,多为后期叠加改造成矿,并伴生Ga、Se、In等。锑或锑多金属矿体走向多为近SN向,形成串珠状的地球化学异常组合及矿化组合,主要受走滑正断系统及其次级构造控制,并且在矿带的东部,矿化由北向南具有Sb矿→Au-Sb矿→Au矿→Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag矿→W-Sn矿的规律性分布,揭示成矿中心应在扎西康矿床的深部或南部。锑金矿体走向多为近EW向,主要受拆离构造及其次级构造控制。北喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘中生代裂谷(陷)盆地周围盆山转换部位,特别是同沉积断裂带与新生代SN向堑式构造的交汇部位,是寻找锑、锑金、锑多金属矿床的最有利地区,已发现特提斯—喜马拉雅成矿域中规模第一的扎西康锑多金属矿床等一系列大-超大型矿床,显示巨大的找矿前景。综上所述,北喜马拉雅成矿带将会成为我国最重要的锑资源勘查开发后备基地之一。

关键词: 北喜马拉雅成矿带, 锑成矿作用, 控矿规律, 找矿方向

Abstract:

The North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt (NHMB), a global geological hotspot, is an important component of the Tethys-Himalaya Metallogenic Domain. It consists a series of mineral deposits, mainly Sb, Sb-Au, polymetallic Sb, Au, Pb-Zn(Ag), W-Sn(Be), Hg and Cs ore deposits or occurrences. The Sb ore-forming ages are concentrated between 16-24 Ma, coinciding with the post-collisional orogeny metallogenic event N₁(25-9 Ma). Sb is sourced from subvolcanic magmatism which involves rich volatiles formed from decompression and fusion of hypomagma and is responsible for the development of exhalative sedimentation-reworked, magmatic hydrothermal and hot spring deposits. Thus, the mantle-sourced basic-intermediate dykes within orefield are an important control factor and prospecting indicator for Sb mineralization. Sb anomaly is detected along the edge of the Yangzhuoyongcuo rift basin overlapping partially with Au anomaly. Sb anomaly is mainly associated with epithermal deposits where Sb can mineralize separately or intergrow with Au; when Sb anomaly overlaps with Pb-Zn-Ag anomalies, Sb deposits are usually formed from later stage superposition-reformation and associated with Ga-Se-In mineralization. Sb and polymetallic Sb orebodies are nearly SN-trending in forming toruloid geochemical anomalous and mineralization assemblages. They are controlled by strike slip normal fault system and its secondary structures; moreover, in the eastern part of the ore belt, mineralization occurs from north to south in a pattern of Sb → Au-Sb → Au → Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag → W-Sn, indicating the mineralization center lies in the deep or southern part of the Zhaxikang deposit. By contrast, Au and Au-Sb orebodies are nearly EW-trending and controlled by detachment and its secondary structures. The basin-mountain transition region along Mesozoic rift basin in the North Himalayan passive continental margin, specially the intersection area of syndepositional fault zone and Cenozoic SN-trending graben structures, is the key region for ore prospecting, where a series of large and super-large deposits have been discovered, including the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit—the largest deposit of its kind within the Tethys-Himalayan Metallogenic Domain. To sum up, the NHMB will become one of the most important reserve bases for antimony resources exploration and development in China.

Key words: the North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt (NHMB), antimony mineralization, ore-controlling regularity, prospecting orientation

中图分类号:

P618.66
P612

郑有业, 王达, 易建洲, 余泽章, 蒋宗洋, 李晓霞, 史功文, 许剑, 梁遇春, 豆孝芳, 任欢. 西藏北喜马拉雅成矿带锑金属成矿作用及找矿方向[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 200-230.

ZHENG Youye, WANG Da, YI Jianzhou, YU Zezhang, JIANG Zongyang, LI Xiaoxia, SHI Gongwen, XU Jian, LIANG Yuchun, DOU Xiaofang, REN Huan. Antimony mineralization and prospecting orientation in the North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt, Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 200-230.

图/表 28

图1 全球锑矿床分布图(据文献[4]修改)

Fig.1 Global distribution of Sb deposits. Modified after [4].

图2 区域地质矿产图 (a据文献[32]修改;b据文献[31]修改) a—喜马拉雅地体构造格架简图;b—北喜马拉雅成矿带区域地质图。

Fig.2 (a) Simplified structural map of the Himalayan region (modified after [32]) and (b) geological map of the NHMB (modified after [31])

图3 扎西康锑多金属矿床地质图(a)及勘探线剖面图(b) (据文献[31,32]修改)

Fig.3 (a) Geological map of the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit (modified from [32]) and (b) cross-section along the exploration line 7 (modified from [31])

表1 扎西康矿床矿物生成顺序表

Table 1 Ore paragenetic sequence in the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit

图4 扎西康锑多金属矿床手标本照片 Mcar1—第①阶段锰铁碳酸盐;Apy1—第①阶段毒砂;Py1—第①阶段黄铁矿;Sp1—第①阶段闪锌矿;Mcar2—第②阶段锰铁碳酸盐;Apy2—第②阶段毒砂;Py2—第②阶段黄铁矿;Sp2—第②阶段闪锌矿;Gn2—第②阶段闪锌矿;Py3—第③阶段黄铁矿;Sp3—第③阶段闪锌矿;Gn3—第③阶段方铅矿;Qtz3—第③阶段石英;Cal3—第③阶段方解石;Blr4—第④阶段硫锑铅矿;Jam4—第④阶段硫锑铅矿;Qtz4—第④阶段石英;Stb5—第⑤阶段辉锑矿;Ci5—第⑤阶段辰砂;Qtz5—第⑤阶段石英;Cal6—第⑥阶段方解石;Qtz6—第⑥阶段石英;Lm—褐铁矿。

Fig.4 Photos of hand specimen from the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit

图5 扎西康矿床元素图解 (据文献[78]修改) (a)—闪锌矿Fe-Cd图:I—岩浆热液矿床区,II—火山热液矿床区,III—沉积改造矿床区;(b)—闪锌矿Cd-In图:I—岩浆热液、火山型、斑岩型矿床区,II—沉积改造层控矿床区;(c)—方铅矿Pb-InAg图解:I—岩浆热液矿床区,II—火山热液矿床区,III—沉积改造矿床区;(d)—方铅矿Sb-Bi-Ag图解:I—岩浆热液(含夕卡岩)矿床区,II—火山岩(含火山喷气)矿床区,III—沉积热液改造型矿床区;(e)—闪锌矿Ga-In图解:I—岩浆热液矿床区,II—火山热液矿床区,III—沉积改造矿床区。

Fig.5 Multi-element variation in sulfides from the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [78].

图6 扎西康矿床各成矿阶段包裹体温度-盐度柱状图

Fig.6 Temperature-salinity histogram for fluid inclusions at various ore-forming stages in the Zhaxikang deposit

图7 扎西康矿床碳酸盐矿物、围岩地层、辉绿岩δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图 (底图据文献[80]修改)

Fig.7 δ13CPDB-δ18 O SMO Wdiagram for carbonate minerals, wall-rocks and diabase from the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [80].

图8 扎西康矿床锰铁碳酸盐和石英δD-δ18 O H 2 O图 (底图据文献[81]修改)

Fig.8 δD-δ18 O H 2 Odiagram for Mn-Fe carbonate and quartz from the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [81].

图9 扎西康矿床与典型SEDEX矿床硫同位素对比图 (底图据文献[82]修改)

Fig.9 Comparison of S isotopic compositions between the Zhaxikang deposit and typical SEDEX deposits. Modified after [82].

图10 扎西康矿床Pb同位素构造环境判别图以及Pb同位素增长曲线 (底图据文献[83]修改)

Fig.10 Pb-isotope tectonic setting discrimination diagram and growth curve for the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [83].

图11 扎西康矿床R/Ra-40Ar/36Ar图 (底图据文献[84]修改)

Fig.11 R/Ra-40Ar/36Ar diagram for the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [84].

图12 扎西康矿床锰铁碳酸盐和方解石样品Sr同位素二元混合模式图 (底图据文献[85]修改)

Fig.12 Sr-isotope two-component mixing model for Mn-Fe carbonate and calcite from Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [85].

图13 不同成矿系统Zn/Cd-δ114/110Cd图及与扎西康矿床对比 (底图据文献[86]修改)

Fig.13 Zn/Cd-δ114/110Cd diagram for sphalerite in different mineralization systems and from the Zhaxikang deposit (blue dot). Modified after [86].

图14 扎西康锑多金属矿床同位素年代学数据 (据文献[75,91]修改)

Fig.14 Multi-element isochron diagrams for the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit. Modified after [75,91].

图15 马扎拉锑金矿床地质图

Fig.15 Geological map of the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

图16 马扎拉锑金矿床矿石手标本照片

Fig.16 Photos of hand specimen of ore samples from the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

图17 马扎拉锑金矿床主要载金矿物BSE图像 a,b—草莓状黄铁矿Py1与自形中粒黄铁矿Py2、毒砂Apy共生;c—自形中粒黄铁矿Py2与长条状毒砂Apy共生;d,e—自形中粒黄铁矿Py2早期的Py1形成环带黄铁矿;f—自形中粒的Py2向碎裂状Py3转化的中间状态;g—与毒砂Apy共生的碎裂状黄铁矿Py2;h,i—含辉锑矿Stb和纤硫锑铅矿Rbn的石英脉。

Fig.17 BES images of main Au-bearing minerals in the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

图18 马扎拉锑金矿床自然金分布特征

Fig.18 Distribution characteristics of native gold in the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

表2 马扎拉锑金矿床矿物生成顺序表

Table 2 Paragenetic sequence in the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

矿物名称	沉积变质期	热液成矿期			表生期
矿物名称	沉积变质期	毒砂-黄铁矿-石英阶段	辉锑矿-石英阶段	石英-碳酸盐阶段	表生期
石英	---------	---------	=====	---------
白云母/绢云母	---------	---------	---------
伊利石	---------	---------	---------
绿泥石	---------	---------	---------
方解石			---------	=====
铁镁碳酸盐			---------	---------
草莓状黄铁矿	---------
热液黄铁矿		=====	---------	---------
毒砂		=====	---------	---------
辉锑矿			=====
自然金		---------	=====		---------
褐铁矿					=====
锑华					---------

图19 马扎拉锑金矿床不同类型黄铁矿Au-As关系图 (据文献[95]修改)

Fig.19 Au-As plot for three pyrite types from the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit. Modified after [95].

图20 车穷卓布锑矿床地质图

Fig.20 Geological map of the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit

图21 车穷卓布锑矿矿石手标本照片

Fig.21 Photos of hand specimen from the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit

表3 车穷卓布锑矿床矿物生成顺序表

Table 3 Paragenetic sequence in the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit

矿物名称	热液(泉)期			表生期
矿物名称	石英-黄铁矿阶段	辉锑矿-石英阶段	辉锑矿-方解石阶段	表生期
乳白色石英	---------
灰色/透明石英		=====	---------	---------
辉锑矿		=====	=====
黄铁矿	---------	---------
毒砂		---------	---------
方解石			=====
褐铁矿				---------
锑华				---------

图22 车穷卓布锑矿流体包裹体密度-均一温度-压力投图 (据文献[51])

Fig.22 NaCl-H2O system ρ-T-p diagram for fluid inclusions in the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit. Adapted from [51].

表4 北喜马拉雅成矿带主要锑矿床成矿年龄表(数据引自[31,51,74,93])

Table 4 Summary of metallogenic ages of major Sb deposits in the NHMB. Data adapted from [31,51,74,93].

矿床	测试样品	测试方法	年龄/Ma
扎西康锑多金属矿床	与石英-黄铁矿共生的含铬绢云母	⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar	17.9±0.5
扎西康锑多金属矿床	石英辉锑矿脉中石英	ESR	18.3±1.8
车穷卓布锑矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	18.0±1.8
壤拉锑矿床	冰洲石-石英脉	ESR	18.6
哲古锑金矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	18.4±1.8
马扎拉锑金矿床	石英矿脉	ESR	24.2±2.4
得龙锑矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	23.2±2.3
沙拉岗锑矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	18.0±1.8
沙拉岗锑矿床	辉绿岩中的锆石	U-Pb	23.6±0.8

图23 北喜马拉雅成矿带Sb单元素异常图(A)及Sb分区矿集系数异常图(B)

Fig.23 Mapping of single-element (A) and zonality (B) anomalies of Sb in the NHMB

图24 北喜马拉雅成矿带控矿构造格架及主要矿床、矿集区分布图 (据文献[31]修改)

Fig.24 Ore-controlling structural framework and distributions of main ore deposits and mineralization districts in the NHMB. Modified after [31].

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西藏北喜马拉雅成矿带锑金属成矿作用及找矿方向

Antimony mineralization and prospecting orientation in the North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt, Tibet

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