白云鄂博超大型稀土矿床成因评述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.9

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

稀土元素(Y+Sc+La-Lu)作为现代工业的“维生素”,是当今社会重要的战略资源。白云鄂博超大型REE-Nb-Fe矿床位于中国内蒙古,是世界上最大的稀土矿床。因此,该矿床的成岩成矿模式受到全球地质工作者的强烈关注,并对此进行了大量的分析研究工作。以往的工作主要集中在对H8赋矿白云岩全岩年代学和地球化学的研究上,但由于白云鄂博稀土矿床经历了后期复杂的变形变质作用,矿石的结构构造非常复杂,全岩的研究结果造成了对该矿床成岩成矿模式不同的认识和争论。近些年,随着现代地球化学分析技术的快速发展,人们可以直接对白云石和稀土矿物(如独居石、磷灰石、氟碳铈矿等)进行高精度的微区原位同位素组成和原位U-Th-Pb定年分析,从而获得能够明确指示矿物时代、成矿流体和成矿物质来源的重要证据。结合近年来的研究成果,本文总结了目前关于白云鄂博超大型稀土矿床成岩成矿模式的不同认识,提出白云鄂博矿床初始稀土成矿源于中元古代(1.3 Ga)的碳酸岩岩浆活动,后期经历了早古生代的大规模流体作用,矿床中稀土元素发生再活化、富集和沉淀,稀土矿物巨量堆积成矿的新认识。

关键词: 白云鄂博, 稀土矿床, 稀土成矿作用, 中元古代碳酸岩, 早古生代交代作用

Abstract:

Rare earth elements (Y, Sc, La-Lu), the “vitamins” of modern industry, are regarded as critical strategic resources in today’s society. The Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit located in Inner Mongolia, China, is the world’s largest rare earth deposit. The diagenesis and mineralization processes of this deposit have attracted a great deal of attention from geologists around the world, and a considerable amount of research has been conducted. These researches were mainly focused on the whole-rock chronology and geochemistry of H8 ore-bearing dolomite rock, which, however, led to confusions over different metallogenic models as the deposit has rather complex ore texture and structure due to late stage deformation and metamorphism. In recent years, with the rapid technological development in modern geochemical analysis, high-precision in-situ isotopic analysis and in-situ U-Th-Pb dating can be performed directly on dolomite and rare earth minerals (such as monazite, apatite, bastnasite, etc.), which yielded valuable information on the age of the deposit as well as the source of ore-forming fluids. This paper summarizes the latest research results on the diagenesis and metallogenic model of the world class Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, and proposes that Mesoproterozoic (1.3 Ga) carbonatitic magmatism initiated REE mineralization and Early Paleozoic metasomatism subsequently caused REE reenrichment and reprecipitation which resulted in the accumulation of large amounts of REE minerals to form the Bayan Obo deposit.

Key words: Bayan Obo, REE deposit, REE mineralization, Mesoproterozoic carbonatite, Early Paleozoic metasomatism

中图分类号:

邓淼, 韦春婉, 许成, 石爱国, 李卓骐, 范朝熙, 匡光喜. 白云鄂博超大型稀土矿床成因评述[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 14-28.

DENG Miao, WEI Chunwan, XU Cheng, SHI Aiguo, LI Zuoqi, FAN Chaoxi, KUANG Guangxi. Rare earth mineralization in Bayan Obo super-large deposit: A review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 14-28.

图/表 7

图1 H8白云岩镜下显微照片(据文献[47]修改) a—重结晶白云石和共生稀土矿物镜下显微照片,正交偏光;b—粗粒初始白云石斑晶与稀土共生组合镜下照片,呈现初始岩浆结构。Dol—白云石;REE minerals—稀土矿物。

Fig.1 Photomicrographs of H8 dolomite rock. Modified after [47].

图2 H8白云岩中不同产状磷灰石的背散射电子图像(据文献[56]修改) a, b, c—Ⅰ类磷灰石背散射电子图像,该类磷灰石边部有独居石围绕其生长,部分磷灰石内部可见白云石矿物包裹体;d, e, f—Ⅱ类磷灰石背散射电子图像,该类磷灰石颗粒细小,与氟碳铈矿共生并呈脉状产出于白云石基质中;g, h, i—Ⅲ类磷灰石背散射电子图像,该类磷灰石颗粒细小,不与其他稀土矿物共生,单独呈脉状产于白云石基质中。Dol—白云石;Fl—萤石;Mnz—独居石;Ap—磷灰石;Bas—氟碳铈矿;Mag—磁铁矿;Py—黄铁矿。

Fig.2 Backscattered electron images of apatite from H8 dolomite rock showing three types of mineral textures. Modified after [56].

图3 H8白云岩中不同产状的磷灰石稀土元素分布模式和关键微量元素图解(据文献[56]修改) a—3类磷灰石球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式图;b, c, d—3类磷灰石的Y/Ho-La/Ho、(Ce/Nd)CN-∑REE和Y-Sr图解。

Fig.3 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and Y/Ho vs. La/Ho (b), (Ce/Nd)CN vs. ∑REE (c) and Y vs. Sr (d) diagrams for three types of apatite from H8 dolomite rock. Modified after [56].

图4 H8白云岩中4类不同产状独居石的背散射电子图像(据文献[56]修改) a—Ⅰ类独居石,该类独居石围绕Ⅰ类磷灰石生长,由Ⅰ类磷灰石被流体交代后形成;b—Ⅱ类独居石晶形差,通常与氟碳钙铈矿和萤石矿物等共生;c—Ⅲ类独居石颗粒细小,晶形差,与氟碳铈矿和萤石等呈脉状产出;d—Ⅳ类独居石呈单独脉状产出于白云石基质中。Dol—白云石;Fl—萤石;Mnz—独居石;Ap—磷灰石;Bas—氟碳铈矿;Par—氟碳钙铈矿。

Fig.4 Backscattered electron images of four types of monazites from H8 dolomite rock. Modified after [56].

图5 白云鄂博矿床年代学年龄分布统计直方图(数据引自文献[2,4,46-47,49]) a—独居石原位Th-Pb年龄和稀土矿物Th-Pb等时线年龄;b—白云鄂博碳酸岩岩墙、H8白云岩全岩和各类单矿物等时线年龄。

Fig.5 Histogram of previously published formation ages of ores from the Bayan Obo deposit. Data adapted from [2,4,46-47,49].

图6 白云鄂博矿床样品C-O-Fe-Mg-S同位素组成(数据引自文献[4,41,48-49,66-72]) a—H8白云岩和白云鄂博碳酸岩岩墙方解石、白云石C-O同位素和磷灰石O同位素组成,碳酸盐矿物C-O主要落于初始火成碳酸盐(PIC:primary igneous carbonate)和沉积灰岩2个端员之间;H8白云岩1.3 Ga磷灰石O同位素组成落于地幔O同位素组成范围内;b—H8白云岩全岩和单矿物Fe同位素组成;c—H8白云岩全岩和白云鄂博碳酸岩岩墙Mg同位素组成;d—H8白云岩全岩、黄铁矿和重晶石S同位素组成。

Fig.6 C, O, Fe, Mg and S isotopic compositions of samples from Bayan Obo deposit.Data adapted from [4,41,48-49,66-72].

图7 白云鄂博矿床样品Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成(数据引自文献[20,22-23,47-49,73-74]) a—H8白云岩全岩、碳酸岩岩墙和磷灰石(1.3 Ga)Sr-Nd同位素组成;b—H8白云岩中不同产状白云石和磷灰石原位Sr同位素组成;c—H8白云岩中不同产状白云石原位Pb同位素组成;d—磷灰石和独居石原位Nd同位素和年龄组成。CHUR—球粒陨石均一源区;DMM—亏损地幔端员;EMI—I型富集地幔端员;EMII—II型地幔端员;HIMU—高U/Pb比值的地幔端员;EACL—东非裂谷碳酸岩演化线和地幔端员。

Fig.7 Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of ore samples from the Bayan Obo deposit. Data adapted from [20,22-23,47-49,73-74].

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