Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous Qibaoshan alkaline intrusive rocks in the Wulian area and its geological significance

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.19

Abstract

Abstract:

Located in the central part of the volcanic edifice, the Qibaoshan alkaline intermediate-mafic intrusive pluton is characterized by high Ba-Sr contents, high Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, and low Ti/Eu ratio. Previous studies indicate this pluton originates from an enriched metasomatized mantle source; however, its dynamic processes—reflected by the changes in its lithology and geochemical composition—are not yet clear. Here, through detailed mineralogical and whole-rock geochemical analyses, we identified the Qibaoshan alkaline intrusive rocks are of both sodic and potassic series. These alkaline intrusive rocks display enrichments in total alkalis, light rare earth element (LREE), and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) (e.g., Ba and Sr), as well as high (La/Yb)_N and (Gd/Yb)_N values. Two types of clinopyroxenes/plagioclases are identified; and they, as antecrysts, record multiple batches of magmas/melts during the formation of these alkaline intrusive rocks. Combined with previously published data, we propose that the source region of the Qibaoshan alkaline intrusive rocks is of enriched mantle metasomatized by sediments, and contains phlogopite and amphibole veins. Concurrent partial melting of these veins and ambient mantle peridotites produced primitive alkaline melts. The high Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, low Ti/Eu ratio, as well as negative Ti^* and Hf^* anomalies in the primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns collectively indicate significant contribution by carbonatite melt to forming the Qibaoshan alkaline rocks. The presence of both sodic and potassic series points to the pivotal roles different dominating buffering minerals (amphibole vs. phlogopite) play in the mantle source. In addition, the potassic series exhibit abnormally high Rb-Zr-Hf-U contents, probably reflecting an upward transport of zircon melts—formed from dissolution of hydrothermal zircons—to the magma reservoir during the partial melting in the source region. This study highlights the significant contribution by carbonate melts in the formation of high Nb/Ta alkaline intermediate-mafic rocks, and also emphasizes the addition of dissolved hydrothermal zircons to form high Zr-Hf-U alkaline magmas.

Key words: alkaline intrusive rocks, carbonatite metasomatism, high Ba-Sr, the Qibaoshan area in Shandong

CLC Number:

LI Xiaowei, SHAN Wei, YU Xuefeng, LI Dapeng, XIE Yuanhui, ZHANG Guokun, CHI Naijie, WANG Wenlu, ZHANG Yan, LI Zengsheng, MA Xiangxian. Petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous Qibaoshan alkaline intrusive rocks in the Wulian area and its geological significance[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 438-463.

Figures/Tables 20

Fig.1 Regional geological map. (a) was modified after [27]; (b) was modified after [20].

Fig.2 Hand specimens, photomicrographs and BSE photos of Qibaoshan alkaline rocks. (a)&(b) Hand specimens photos for medium-fine grained monzogabbro and moderate-fine grained pyroxene monzonite; (c) Photomicrographs of clinopyroxenes and biotites from medium-fine grained monzogabbro; (d) Photomicrographs of Cpx and Pl from porphyritic pyroxene monzonite; (e) Intergrowth textures of magnetite and ilmenite from medium-fine grained monzogabbro; (f) Large grain plagioclase without obvious zoning from porphyritic pyroxene monzonite; (g) Epidotization of plagioclase in porphyritic pyroxene monzonite; (h) plagioclase surrounded by K-feldspar rims in medium-fine grained monzonite gabbro; and (i) Cpx from medium-fine grained monzogabbro shows spongy textures, of whose sieves are mainly composed to magnetite, ilmenite and apatite. Cpx: clinopyroxene; Pl: plagioclase; Mt: magnetite; Ilm: ilmenite; Ep: epidote; Bt: biotite; Ap: apatite; Kf: K-feldspar.

Table 1 Major and Trace elements compositions of clinopyroxenes from Qibaoshan complex

Table 2 Major and Trace elements compositions of plagioclase from Qibaoshan complex

Table 3 Major elements contents of K-feldspars from Qibaoshan complex

样品号	岩性	w_B/%
样品号	岩性	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	FeO^T	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	P₂O₅	Total
LD1901-1	Kf-中细粒二长辉长岩	64.09	0.10	19.57	0.18	0.00	0.00	0.70	3.00	11.64	0.03	99.3
LD1901-2		63.89	0.07	19.45	0.17	0.02	0.00	0.70	2.99	11.61	0.00	98.9
LD1901-3		63.99	0.07	19.61	0.18	0.04	0.00	0.98	3.72	10.35	0.00	98.9
LD1901-4		64.68	0.05	19.39	0.29	0.02	0.00	0.50	3.64	10.90	0.01	99.5
LD1901-5		64.18	0.01	18.75	0.12	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.24	15.35	0.00	98.7
LD1901-6		63.84	0.03	19.19	0.36	0.01	0.00	0.44	2.71	12.11	0.01	98.7
LD1901-7		64.29	0.07	19.43	0.22	0.02	0.00	0.58	2.62	11.76	0.00	99.0
LD1901-8		64.28	0.10	19.44	0.16	0.00	0.01	0.61	3.56	10.75	0.00	98.9
LD1901-9	Kf-斑状辉石二长岩	65.06	0.02	19.62	0.17	0.00	0.03	0.05	0.61	14.62	0.00	100.2
QBS1906-1		64.36	0.08	19.19	0.48	0.00	0.00	0.24	0.70	14.11	0.03	99.2
QBS1906-2		63.84	0.02	18.85	0.28	0.00	0.13	0.06	0.45	14.92	0.00	98.5
QBS1906-3		64.23	0.00	18.99	0.36	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.48	14.86	0.00	99.0
HSG1904-1		63.68	0.07	19.68	0.17	0.00	0.00	0.75	4.08	10.33	0.00	98.8
QBS1909-1		66.35	0.36	17.98	0.53	0.11	0.16	0.36	3.14	10.53	0.02	99.5
QBS1909-2		64.59	0.05	18.62	0.00	0.05	0.00	0.01	2.06	13.11	0.00	98.5
QBS1909-3		64.80	0.03	18.90	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.25	15.65	0.00	99.7
QBS1909-4		65.2	0.00	18.7	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.0	2.20	13.17	0.08	100.1

Table 4 Major elements contents of biotite from Qibaoshan complex

样品号	岩性	w_B/%
样品号	岩性	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Cr₂O₃	FeO^T	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	P₂O₅	NiO	F	Cl	Total
LD1901-1	Bt-中细粒二长辉长岩	38.47	6.50	13.68	0.02	8.93	0.07	18.32	0.04	0.30	9.80	0.00	0.01	1.09	0.22	96.94
LD1901-2		37.29	6.46	13.70	0.02	9.06	0.12	17.53	0.00	0.29	9.32	0.00	0.00	1.54	0.22	94.84
LD1901-3		37.95	6.62	13.85	0.00	8.71	0.10	17.77	0.00	0.29	9.56	0.03	0.00	1.01	0.13	95.57
LD1901-4		38.69	6.22	13.54	0.03	8.84	0.06	18.30	0.02	0.27	9.37	0.08	0.00	1.54	0.23	96.47
LD1901-5		38.28	6.54	13.88	0.06	8.98	0.11	17.71	0.02	0.32	9.41	0.01	0.00	2.56	0.16	96.91
LD1901-6		37.91	8.46	13.49	0.03	9.60	0.08	16.86	0.02	0.31	9.48	0.00	0.08	0.76	0.14	96.86
LD1901-7		38.31	6.77	13.95	0.00	8.97	0.07	18.14	0.00	0.31	9.47	0.01	0.10	1.50	0.17	97.09
LD1901-8		39.38	6.93	12.26	0.01	6.54	0.09	19.44	0.03	0.16	9.61	0.01	0.04	0.68	0.05	94.92
LD1901-9		38.61	8.76	13.07	0.00	7.51	0.09	17.83	0.03	0.29	9.39	0.00	0.04	0.57	0.03	95.96
LD1901-10		38.09	6.05	13.73	0.05	9.49	0.02	17.74	0.00	0.30	9.47	0.00	0.07	1.64	0.20	96.12
LD1901-11		38.26	6.09	13.32	0.01	8.74	0.08	18.50	0.00	0.26	9.38	0.00	0.06	1.07	0.21	95.49
LD1901-12		38.63	6.00	13.95	0.04	9.32	0.08	17.84	0.00	0.34	9.47	0.00	0.02	1.80	0.21	96.89
LD1901-13		38.10	6.05	13.75	0.03	9.45	0.15	17.80	0.02	0.34	9.55	0.03	0.03	1.69	0.16	96.39
HSG1904-1	Bt-中细粒辉石二长岩	38.10	6.73	13.51	0.02	10.69	0.09	16.97	0.08	0.28	9.26	0.00	0.00	1.04	0.26	96.54
HSG1904-2	Bt-中细粒辉石二长岩	37.53	7.48	13.34	0.00	11.04	0.08	16.27	0.07	0.26	9.18	0.07	0.00	0.88	0.26	96.01

Fig.3 Classification diagram of clinopyroxenes (a) and equilibrium tests between Cpx and their host rocks (b) of the Qibaoshan pluton. Base map of (a) adapted from [31] and (b) adapted from [34].

Fig.4 Classification diagrams of plagioclases (a) and K-feldspars (b) of the Qibaoshan pluton

Fig.5 Classification diagrams of mica (a) and discrimination of biotites with different origins (b) of the Qibaoshan complex. Base map of (a) adapted from [35] and (b) adapted from [36].

Fig.6 TAS diagram of the Qibaoshan complex (a) and plot of K2O versus SiO2 contents (b) of the Qibaoshan pluton. Base map of (a) adapted from [37] and (b) adapted from [38]; data of previous studies adapted from [20-21].

Table 5 Major and trace elements contents of whole-rock

Fig.7 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized multiple elements abundances (b) of whole rocks. The chondrite and primitive mantle values are from [39]. Data for previous studies are from [15,19⇓-21].

Fig.8 Plot of Rb+Zr contents versus K2O/Na2O ratios for the Qibaoshan complex. Previous data sources are as Fig.7.

Fig.9 Plot of U contents versus Th contents for the Qibaoshan complex

Fig.10 The diagram of U/Nb ratios versus SiO2 contents for the Qibaoshan alkaline rocks. Data of previous study are from [20].

Fig.11 Harker diagrams for the Qibaoshan complex. Data for partial melting of lherzolite and phlogopite-bearing harzburgite under 1 GPa are from [3]. Previous data are from [20-21].

Fig.12 The diagrams of Sr contents versus Eu/Eu* ratios (a) and Th/Nd ratios versus Th contents (b) for the Qibaoshan alkaline rocks. Previous data sources are as Fig.7.

Fig.13 The diagrams of Zr contents versus Ba/Rb ratios (a) and Rb/Sr versus Ba/Rb ratios (b) for the Qibaoshan alkaline rocks. Data of SCLM are collected from [60]. Previous data sources are as Fig.7.

Fig.14 Plot of whole-rock Pb/Ce ratios versus Pb contents (a) and Plot of whole-rock U/Th ratios versus Th contents (b) for the Qibaoshan alkaline rocks. Base maps of (a) adapted from [62-63] and (b) adapted from [64]. Previous data sources are as Fig.7.

Fig.15 Plot of whole-rock Nb/Ta versus Zr/Hf ratios for the Qibaoshan alkaline rocks. Previous data are from [15,19-20]. Data of MORBs adapted from [71⇓-73]. Primitive mantle values are from [39].

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