Interactions between clay minerals and microbes: Mechanisms and applications in environmental remediation

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.19

Abstract

Abstract:

Clay minerals and microbes co-exist in natural environments, and their interaction can influence energy flow and element cycling. Clay minerals provide microbes with physical/chemical protection against environmental stress, as well as nutrients boosting their metabolism. Structural iron in clay mineral is an important electron acceptor/donor for iron-reducing/oxidizing microbes, where in redox environment many iron-reducing/oxidizing bacteria can reduce/oxidize structural Fe(III)/Fe(II) in clay minerals as they gain energy from the redox process. During such process redox microbes can alter the atomic structure of clay minerals through dissolution, transformation and precipitation where secondary minerals are also produced. Clay mineral-microbe interaction plays important role in geochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, silicon and phosphorus. Clay mineral can reduce organic carbon bioavailability and mineralization rate through adsorption; whereas under fluctuating redox conditions it can activate molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species to degrade organic matters thus increasing their bioavailability. Through adsorption clay mineral can also reduce extracellular enzyme activity in organic matter degradation. Microbes can affect nitrogen cycling in clays by coupling iron oxidation (reduction) with nitrate reduction (ammonia oxidation) in clay. Phosphorus adsorption on clays and silicon release during weathering can affect the metabolic activity of microbes. Clay mineral-microbe interaction can find a wide range of application in heavy metal stabilization, organic pollutant degradation and sterilization.

Key words: clay mineral, microbe, interaction, element cycling, energy, electron transfer, redox, environmental remediation

CLC Number:

DONG Hailiang, ZENG Qiang, LIU Deng, SHENG Yizhi, LIU Xiaolei, LIU Yuan, HU Jinglong, LI Yang, XIA Qingyin, LI Runjie, HU Dafu, ZHANG Donglei, ZHANG Wenhui, GUO Dongyi, ZHANG Xiaowen. Interactions between clay minerals and microbes: Mechanisms and applications in environmental remediation[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 467-485.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1 Clay minerals provide microbes with physical/chemical protection and nutrients

Fig.2 Electron transfer directions during microbial reduction of structural iron in clay minerals with (B) or without (A) electron shuttle. T, tetrahedron; O, octahedron.

Fig.3 Clay minerals regulate the turnover of organic matter under anaerobic/aerobic conditions

Fig.4 Heavy metal adsorption and stabilization through clay mineral-microbe interaction

Fig.5 Antibacterial mechanisms of medical clay. Modified after [6].

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