Characteristics and tectonic significance of the early Paleozoic syenite granite from Jinchuan, Gansu Province

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.7.7

Abstract

Abstract:

In this paper, the petrology, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age and whole rock geochemical data of the Jinchuan syenite granite in Gansu Province were examined in order to determine the formation age, petrogenesis and tectonic environment of the pluton. The SHRIMP U-Pb weighted average age of magmatic zircons from syenite granite samples is (425.7±2.5) Ma (MSWD=1.07), belonging to the early Paleozoic Silurian and similar to the age of the exposed dolerite dikes in the Jinchuan area. The syenite granite is low in silicon (SiO₂, 66.71 to 70.05%), rich in alkalis ((Na₂O+K₂O), 10.00 to 10.70%; K₂O/Na₂O ratio, 1.88-2.41), high in total iron (FeO^T, 1.79 to 2.62%), low in titanium (TiO₂, 0.34 to 0.52%), and metaluminous (A/CNK ratio, 0.82-1.05). Its petrology and chemical composition show that it belongs to the quasi-aluminous alkaline series A1 type granite, with a relatively high zircon saturation temperature (T_Zr, 878-1015 ℃). It has high contents of rare earth elements (REE) (ΣREE, (374.4-529.4)×10^-6, averaging 428.7×10^-6). The REE distribution curve shows relative enrichment of light REE and depletion of heavy REE by the right-inclined distribution; (La/Yb)_N ranges between 28.07 and 41.28, with negative Eu anomaly (δEu, 0.53-0.66). The standardized primitive mantle spider diagram shows depletions of Nb, Ta, Ti and P. The rocks have relatively high Rb/Sr (0.81-1.27, averaging 1) and Rb/Nb (4.72-9.75, averaging 7.15) ratios, showing the compositional characteristics of crust-derived magma. Combined with regional tectonic evolution and tectonic discrimination, it is considered that the Jinchuan syenite granite is formed from partial melting of felsic material in the upper crust at high temperature, and the bimodal intrusive rocks, composed of dolerite dikes of the same age, are formed in an extensional intraplate rift environment and related to the subduction plate break-up and exhumation and asthenosphere mantle upwelling caused by the ~426 Ma Alashan block and the Qilian-Qaidam block. The Jinchuan syenite granite is formed by partial melting of felsic material in the upper crust at high temperature, and the bimodal intrusive rocks is formed in the extensional intraplate rift environment. The structural activity and hydrothermal mineralization of the Jinchuan Cu, Pt-rich orebody may be related to this magmatic activity.

Key words: A-type granite, zircon U-Pb age, Jinchuan Cu-Ni (PGE) sulfide deposit, bimodal intrusive rock, tectonic setting

CLC Number:

ZHANG Xiaoxu, SU Shangguo, LIU Meiyu, WANG Weizhu. Characteristics and tectonic significance of the early Paleozoic syenite granite from Jinchuan, Gansu Province[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 283-298.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Tectonic location of the Jinchuan area (A) and regional geological map (B). Modified from [5, 21].

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the Jinchuan area, Gansu Province. Modified from [19-20].

Fig.3 Microscope photos of the Jinchuan syenite granite

Fig.4 CL images of zircons from the Jinchuan syenite granite

Table 1 Results of SHRIMP zircon U-Pb analysis of the Jinchuan syenite granite

分析点	w_B/10^-6		$232 Th 238 U$	同位素年龄及误差/Ma							同位素比值及误差								误差相关系数
分析点	Th	U	$232 Th 238 U$	$206 Pb 238 U$	±%	$206 Pb 238 U$	±%	$206 Pb 238 U$	±%		$207 P b * 235 U$		±%		$206 P b * 238 U$		±%		误差相关系数
1	2 243	1 810	0.83	431.0	4.8	431.0	4.9	431.4	5.6	0.530		2.5		0.069 14		1.2		0.46
2	1 695	1 240	0.76	421.8	4.9	421.7	5.0	420.6	5.6	0.515		2.3		0.067 62		1.2		0.53
3	1 963	1 129	0.59	432.3	4.8	433.0	4.9	434.0	5.4	0.518		1.5		0.069 37		1.2		0.76
4	1 003	552	0.57	415.3	5.6	417.6	5.6	417.1	6.1	0.464		11.3		0.066 54		1.4		0.12
5	428	339	0.82	416.2	5.1	416.1	5.2	417.3	5.9	0.509		2.5		0.066 70		1.3		0.52
6	405	202	0.51	428.1	6.2	426.4	6.2	426.1	6.7	0.556		3.7		0.068 67		1.5		0.40
7	1 949	1 482	0.79	428.1	5.2	428.4	5.2	426.5	6.2	0.518		3.8		0.068 66		1.3		0.33
8	1 467	970	0.68	419.4	5.0	419.0	5.1	419.2	5.7	0.518		2.4		0.067 22		1.2		0.51
9	1 704	922	0.56	424.4	4.9	425.1	4.9	423.7	5.5	0.506		3.7		0.068 04		1.2		0.32
10	1 251	1 177	0.97	425.6	5.2	428.2	5.0	426.3	6.7	0.472		7.8		0.068 24		1.3		0.16
11	2 166	2 490	1.19	432.8	4.9	432.7	4.9	433.8	6.2	0.533		3.4		0.069 44		1.2		0.35
12	3 667	5 325	1.50	432.3	4.9	432.3	5.0	435.4	6.6	0.531		1.4		0.069 36		1.2		0.84
13	733	473	0.67	427.3	6.8	429.3	6.9	426.8	7.8	0.486		4.0		0.068 52		1.6		0.41
14	1 291	970	0.78	422.2	5.2	422.2	5.2	422.0	5.9	0.517		2.5		0.067 69		1.3		0.51
15	773	716	0.96	424.8	5.2	425.2	5.2	425.8	6.2	0.513		2.2		0.068 12		1.3		0.59
16	2 209	2 079	0.97	427.2	5.1	428.0	4.9	432.2	6.5	0.508		6.2		0.068 52		1.2		0.20
17	3 175	1 063	0.35	425.7	4.7	425.6	4.8	425.4	5.0	0.523		1.4		0.068 27		1.1		0.81

Table 1 Results of SHRIMP zircon U-Pb analysis of the Jinchuan syenite granite

分析点	w_B/10^-6		$232 Th 238 U$	同位素年龄及误差/Ma							同位素比值及误差								误差相关系数
分析点	Th	U	$232 Th 238 U$	$206 Pb 238 U$	±%	$206 Pb 238 U$	±%	$206 Pb 238 U$	±%		$207 P b * 235 U$		±%		$206 P b * 238 U$		±%		误差相关系数
1	2 243	1 810	0.83	431.0	4.8	431.0	4.9	431.4	5.6	0.530		2.5		0.069 14		1.2		0.46
2	1 695	1 240	0.76	421.8	4.9	421.7	5.0	420.6	5.6	0.515		2.3		0.067 62		1.2		0.53
3	1 963	1 129	0.59	432.3	4.8	433.0	4.9	434.0	5.4	0.518		1.5		0.069 37		1.2		0.76
4	1 003	552	0.57	415.3	5.6	417.6	5.6	417.1	6.1	0.464		11.3		0.066 54		1.4		0.12
5	428	339	0.82	416.2	5.1	416.1	5.2	417.3	5.9	0.509		2.5		0.066 70		1.3		0.52
6	405	202	0.51	428.1	6.2	426.4	6.2	426.1	6.7	0.556		3.7		0.068 67		1.5		0.40
7	1 949	1 482	0.79	428.1	5.2	428.4	5.2	426.5	6.2	0.518		3.8		0.068 66		1.3		0.33
8	1 467	970	0.68	419.4	5.0	419.0	5.1	419.2	5.7	0.518		2.4		0.067 22		1.2		0.51
9	1 704	922	0.56	424.4	4.9	425.1	4.9	423.7	5.5	0.506		3.7		0.068 04		1.2		0.32
10	1 251	1 177	0.97	425.6	5.2	428.2	5.0	426.3	6.7	0.472		7.8		0.068 24		1.3		0.16
11	2 166	2 490	1.19	432.8	4.9	432.7	4.9	433.8	6.2	0.533		3.4		0.069 44		1.2		0.35
12	3 667	5 325	1.50	432.3	4.9	432.3	5.0	435.4	6.6	0.531		1.4		0.069 36		1.2		0.84
13	733	473	0.67	427.3	6.8	429.3	6.9	426.8	7.8	0.486		4.0		0.068 52		1.6		0.41
14	1 291	970	0.78	422.2	5.2	422.2	5.2	422.0	5.9	0.517		2.5		0.067 69		1.3		0.51
15	773	716	0.96	424.8	5.2	425.2	5.2	425.8	6.2	0.513		2.2		0.068 12		1.3		0.59
16	2 209	2 079	0.97	427.2	5.1	428.0	4.9	432.2	6.5	0.508		6.2		0.068 52		1.2		0.20
17	3 175	1 063	0.35	425.7	4.7	425.6	4.8	425.4	5.0	0.523		1.4		0.068 27		1.1		0.81

Fig.5 U-Pb concordia diagram (a) and weighted average ages (b) of zircons from the Jinchuan syenite granite

Table 2 Major and trace elemental contents of the Jinchuan syenite granite

样号	w_B/%																														AR			A/NK				T_Zr/℃				w_B/10^-6
样号	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃		Fe₂O₃		FeO		MnO		MgO		CaO		Na₂O		K₂O		P₂O₅			LOI			Total			FeO^T			AR			A/NK				T_Zr/℃				Rb		Sr	Ba	Y		Zr
160905-1-1	66.71	0.52	13.77		1.74		1.05		0.07		1.36		2.18		3.35		6.65		0.23			2.00			99.64			2.62			2.45			1.08			893				404.35									375.02			1 922			33.73		726
160905-5-1	69.26	0.40	14.30		1.01		1.08		0.04		0.95		1.14		3.49		6.56		0.16			1.31			99.70			1.99			2.65			1.11			882				265.81									327.74			1 725			22.98		506
160905-6-1	68.03	0.41	14.20		1.08		1.38		0.04		0.93		1.52		3.23		6.78		0.20			1.85			99.66			2.36			2.40			1.12			903				262.69									311.47			1 990			32.05		664
160905-7-1	69.5	0.44	14.31		1.78		0.18		0.02		0.45		1.12		3.17		6.97		0.18			1.54			99.67			1.79			2.40			1.12			892				286.88									325.65			1 787			26.33		549
160905-9-1	67.56	0.40	14.13		1.12		1.32		0.06		1.11		1.71		2.97		7.15		0.16			1.96			99.62			2.32			2.20			1.12			886				289.49									332.09			2 099			25.96		590
L6	67.58	0.34	13.99		1.18		1.15		0.04		0.70		2.07		3.40		6.98		0.13			1.80			99.36			2.21			2.47			1.06			1 009				277.61									288.43			1 968			22.96		1 968
L15	67.49	0.43	13.96		1.30		1.03		0.03		1.09		1.73		3.08		7.35		0.17			1.80			99.46			2.20			2.29			1.07			1 014				297.88									278.37			1 907			23.28		1 907
X3	68.09	0.41	13.63		1.30		1.01		0.05		0.87		1.90		3.17		7.16		0.14			1.87			99.59			2.23			2.38			1.05			878				339.00									290.00			2 162			23.70		608
X7	70.05	0.41	14.20		1.42		0.62		0.02		0.56		0.64		3.50		7.18		0.17			0.88			99.65			1.92			2.79			1.05			890				357.00									281.00			2 038			21.20		541
X13	69.60	0.42	14.04		1.34		1.02		0.03		0.85		0.65		3.44		7.12		0.17			0.98			99.60			2.26			2.76			1.05			895				319.00									296.00			2 072			23.90		567
样号	w_B/10^-6																																																									δEu
样号	Hf	Nb	Ta		Th		U		Ga		La		Ce		Pr	Nd		Sm			Eu			Gd			Tb			Dy			Ho			Er				Tm										Yb		Lu			ΣREE			δEu
160905-1-1	25.92	50.77		4.30		96.06		9.00		30.96		104.81		232.68			30.47			109.15			17.98			3.04			14.54			1.77			7.24				1.12				3.26				0.41		2.54		0.39			529.40			0.56
160905-5-1	19.01	38.44		16.58		78.68		7.44		28.95		75.06		165.26			21.20			77.23			12.36			2.25			9.90			1.21			4.78				0.74				2.16				0.28		1.71		0.27			374.41			0.60
160905-6-1	24.35	55.71		4.73		101.57		11.20		27.83		98.03		214.42			27.38			96.75			16.03			2.94			12.89			1.62			6.56				1.04				3.09				0.40		2.51		0.38			484.04			0.61
160905-7-1	20.88	46.07		3.92		90.85		12.69		27.60		83.42		178.82			23.39			82.61			13.61			2.43			10.87			1.36			5.54				0.86				2.53				0.33		2.06		0.3			408.12			0.59
160905-9-1	22.45	40.17		3.43		102.07		12.43		26.44		100.8		208.80			26.80			92.06			14.44			2.77			11.54			1.43			5.70				0.87				2.62				0.35		2.14		0.34			470.65			0.63
L6	22.96	40.43		3.03		97.93		9.09				76.26		167.88			19.72			69.80			12.20			2.40			9.22			1.21			5.03				0.85				2.36				0.29		1.82		0.29			369.33			0.66
L15	23.28	37.78		2.86		96.58		11.40				98.38		209.27			23.96			83.80			13.8			2.41			10.11			1.35			5.51				0.85				2.45				0.32		1.81		0.3			454.32			0.60
X3	19.39	58.90		4.22		105.95		15.76				85.91		173.23			18.54			66.98			11.09			1.75			6.90			0.94			4.55				0.79				2.04				0.26		1.62		0.26			374.86			0.57
X7	15.32	36.60		2.84		98.38		11.07				89.18		180.55			20.10			72.63			11.63			1.72			7.58			1.00			4.47				0.76				2.05				0.27		1.62		0.25			393.81			0.53
X13	16.14	39.10		2.93		100.68		9.78				99.56		197.62			21.32			76.63			12.52			1.82			7.51			1.08			4.92				0.84				2.18				0.28		1.73		0.26			428.27			0.53

Table 2 Major and trace elemental contents of the Jinchuan syenite granite

样号	w_B/%																														AR			A/NK				T_Zr/℃				w_B/10^-6
样号	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃		Fe₂O₃		FeO		MnO		MgO		CaO		Na₂O		K₂O		P₂O₅			LOI			Total			FeO^T			AR			A/NK				T_Zr/℃				Rb		Sr	Ba	Y		Zr
160905-1-1	66.71	0.52	13.77		1.74		1.05		0.07		1.36		2.18		3.35		6.65		0.23			2.00			99.64			2.62			2.45			1.08			893				404.35									375.02			1 922			33.73		726
160905-5-1	69.26	0.40	14.30		1.01		1.08		0.04		0.95		1.14		3.49		6.56		0.16			1.31			99.70			1.99			2.65			1.11			882				265.81									327.74			1 725			22.98		506
160905-6-1	68.03	0.41	14.20		1.08		1.38		0.04		0.93		1.52		3.23		6.78		0.20			1.85			99.66			2.36			2.40			1.12			903				262.69									311.47			1 990			32.05		664
160905-7-1	69.5	0.44	14.31		1.78		0.18		0.02		0.45		1.12		3.17		6.97		0.18			1.54			99.67			1.79			2.40			1.12			892				286.88									325.65			1 787			26.33		549
160905-9-1	67.56	0.40	14.13		1.12		1.32		0.06		1.11		1.71		2.97		7.15		0.16			1.96			99.62			2.32			2.20			1.12			886				289.49									332.09			2 099			25.96		590
L6	67.58	0.34	13.99		1.18		1.15		0.04		0.70		2.07		3.40		6.98		0.13			1.80			99.36			2.21			2.47			1.06			1 009				277.61									288.43			1 968			22.96		1 968
L15	67.49	0.43	13.96		1.30		1.03		0.03		1.09		1.73		3.08		7.35		0.17			1.80			99.46			2.20			2.29			1.07			1 014				297.88									278.37			1 907			23.28		1 907
X3	68.09	0.41	13.63		1.30		1.01		0.05		0.87		1.90		3.17		7.16		0.14			1.87			99.59			2.23			2.38			1.05			878				339.00									290.00			2 162			23.70		608
X7	70.05	0.41	14.20		1.42		0.62		0.02		0.56		0.64		3.50		7.18		0.17			0.88			99.65			1.92			2.79			1.05			890				357.00									281.00			2 038			21.20		541
X13	69.60	0.42	14.04		1.34		1.02		0.03		0.85		0.65		3.44		7.12		0.17			0.98			99.60			2.26			2.76			1.05			895				319.00									296.00			2 072			23.90		567
样号	w_B/10^-6																																																									δEu
样号	Hf	Nb	Ta		Th		U		Ga		La		Ce		Pr	Nd		Sm			Eu			Gd			Tb			Dy			Ho			Er				Tm										Yb		Lu			ΣREE			δEu
160905-1-1	25.92	50.77		4.30		96.06		9.00		30.96		104.81		232.68			30.47			109.15			17.98			3.04			14.54			1.77			7.24				1.12				3.26				0.41		2.54		0.39			529.40			0.56
160905-5-1	19.01	38.44		16.58		78.68		7.44		28.95		75.06		165.26			21.20			77.23			12.36			2.25			9.90			1.21			4.78				0.74				2.16				0.28		1.71		0.27			374.41			0.60
160905-6-1	24.35	55.71		4.73		101.57		11.20		27.83		98.03		214.42			27.38			96.75			16.03			2.94			12.89			1.62			6.56				1.04				3.09				0.40		2.51		0.38			484.04			0.61
160905-7-1	20.88	46.07		3.92		90.85		12.69		27.60		83.42		178.82			23.39			82.61			13.61			2.43			10.87			1.36			5.54				0.86				2.53				0.33		2.06		0.3			408.12			0.59
160905-9-1	22.45	40.17		3.43		102.07		12.43		26.44		100.8		208.80			26.80			92.06			14.44			2.77			11.54			1.43			5.70				0.87				2.62				0.35		2.14		0.34			470.65			0.63
L6	22.96	40.43		3.03		97.93		9.09				76.26		167.88			19.72			69.80			12.20			2.40			9.22			1.21			5.03				0.85				2.36				0.29		1.82		0.29			369.33			0.66
L15	23.28	37.78		2.86		96.58		11.40				98.38		209.27			23.96			83.80			13.8			2.41			10.11			1.35			5.51				0.85				2.45				0.32		1.81		0.3			454.32			0.60
X3	19.39	58.90		4.22		105.95		15.76				85.91		173.23			18.54			66.98			11.09			1.75			6.90			0.94			4.55				0.79				2.04				0.26		1.62		0.26			374.86			0.57
X7	15.32	36.60		2.84		98.38		11.07				89.18		180.55			20.10			72.63			11.63			1.72			7.58			1.00			4.47				0.76				2.05				0.27		1.62		0.25			393.81			0.53
X13	16.14	39.10		2.93		100.68		9.78				99.56		197.62			21.32			76.63			12.52			1.82			7.51			1.08			4.92				0.84				2.18				0.28		1.73		0.26			428.27			0.53

Fig.6 Geochemical classification of the Jinchuan syenite granite

Fig.7 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram and chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the Jinchuan syenite granite and dolerite dykes. Dolerite data from [36]; standardized data from [37].

Fig.8 Discrimination diagrams for the tectonic setting of the Jinchuan syenite granite. Adapted from [42].

Fig.9 A-type granite discriminant diagram of the Jinchuan syenite granite. Adapted from [37].

Fig.10 A1-A2 classification of the Jinchuan syenite granite. (A) Yb/Ta-Y/Nb diagram; (B) Nb-Y-3Ga diagram. Adapted from [13].

Fig.11 A tectono-magmatic model for the southern margin of the Alashan Block in the early Paleozoic. Adapted from [19, 24].

References 58

[1]	SONG X Y, DANYUSHEVSKY L V, KEAYS R R, et al. Structural, lithological, and geochemical constraints on the dynamic magma plumbing system of the Jinchuan Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, NW China[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2012, 47(3):277-297. DOI URL
[2]	ZHANG M J, KAMO S L, LI C S, et al. Precise U-Pb zircon-baddeleyite age of the Jinchuan sulfide ore-bearing ultramafic intrusion, western China[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2010, 45(1):3-9. DOI URL
[3]	SU S G, LI C S, ZHOU M F, et al. Controls on variations of platinum-group element concentrations in the sulfide ores of the Jinchuan Ni-Cu deposit, western China[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2008, 43(6):609-622. DOI URL
[4]	LI C S, XU Z H, DE WAAL S A, et al. Compositional variations of olivine from the Jinchuan Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, western China: implications for ore genesis[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2004, 39(2):159-172. DOI URL
[5]	LI C S, RIPLEY E M. The giant Jinchuan Ni-Cu-( PGE) deposit tectonic setting, magma evolution, ore genesis, and exploration implications[J]. Reviews in Economic Geology, 2011, 17:163-180.
[6]	LI X H, SU L, CHUNG S L, et al. Formation of the Jinchuan ultramafic intrusion and the world’s third largest Ni-Cu sulfide deposit: associated with the ~825 Ma South China mantle plume?[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2005, 6(11):Q11004.
[7]	LEHMANN J, ARNDT N, WINDLEY B, et al. Field relationships and geochemical constraints on the emplacement of the Jinchuan intrusion and its Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, Gansu, China[J]. Economic Geology, 2007, 102(1):75-94. DOI URL
[8]	CASTRO A, MORENO-VENTAS I, DE LA ROSA J D. H-type (hybrid) granitoids: a proposed revision of the granite-type classification and nomenclature[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 1991, 31(3/4):237-253. DOI URL
[9]	王涛. 花岗岩混合成因研究及大陆动力学意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2000, 16(2):161-168.
[10]	肖庆辉, 邱瑞照, 邢作云, 等. 花岗岩成因研究前沿的认识[J]. 地质论评, 2007, 53(增刊1):17-27.
[11]	MA C Q, YANG K G, MING H L, et al. The timing of tectonic transition from compression to extension in Dabieshan: evidence from Mesozoic granites[J]. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences), 2004, 47(5):453-462.
[12]	LOISELLE M C. Characteristics and origin of anorogenic granites[J]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 1979, 11:468.
[13]	EBY G N. The A-type granitoids: a review of their occurrence and chemical characteristics and speculations on their petrogenesis[J]. Lithos, 1990, 26(1/2):115-134. DOI URL
[14]	WU F Y, SUN D Y, LI H M, et al. A-type granites in northeastern China: age and geochemical constraints on their petrogenesis[J]. Chemical Geology, 2002, 187(1/2):143-173. DOI URL
[15]	高亚林, 汤中立, 宋谢炎, 等. 金川铜镍矿床隐伏富铜矿体成因研究及其深部找矿意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2009, 25(12):3379-3395.
[16]	YANG X Z, ISHIHARA S, ZHAO D H. Genesis of the Jinchuan PGE deposit, China: evidence from fluid inclusions, mineralogy and geochemistry of precious elements[J]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 2006, 86(1/2):109-128. DOI URL
[17]	YANG S H, YANG G, QU W J, et al. Pt-Os isotopic constraints on the age of hydrothermal overprinting on the Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, China[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 2018, 53(6):757-774. DOI URL
[18]	RIPLEY E M, SARKAR A, LI C S. Mineralogic and stable isotope studies of hydrothermal alteration at the Jinchuan Ni-Cu deposit, China[J]. Economic Geology, 2005, 100(7):1349-1361. DOI URL
[19]	DUAN J, LI C S, QIAN Z Z, et al. Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis and tectonic significance of Paleozoic dolerite dykes in the southern margin of Alxa Block, North China Craton[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 111:244-253. DOI URL
[20]	ZENG R Y, LAI J Q, MAO X C, et al. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotopies composition of Paleozoic granitoids in Jinchuan, NW China: constraints on their petrogenesis, source characteristics and tectonic implication[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2016, 121:20-33. DOI URL
[21]	SONG S G, ZHANG L F, NIU Y L, et al. Evolution from oceanic subduction to continental collision: a case study from the northern Tibetan Plateau based on geochemical and geochronological data[J]. Journal of Petrology, 2006, 47(3):435-455. DOI URL
[22]	汤中立, 李文渊. 金川铜镍硫化物(含铂)矿床成矿模式及地质对比[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1995.
[23]	曾认宇. 金川铜镍硫化物矿床岩浆通道系统及岩浆演化研究[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2014.
[24]	SONG S G, NIU Y L, SU L, et al. Tectonics of the North Qilian orogen, NW China[J]. Gondwana Research, 2013, 23(4):1378-1401. DOI URL
[25]	甘肃省地质矿产局第六地质队. 白家咀子硫化铜镍矿床地质[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1984.
[26]	田毓龙, 包国忠, 汤中立, 等. 金川铜镍硫化物矿床岩浆通道型矿体地质地球化学特征[J]. 地质学报, 2009, 83(10):1515-1525.
[27]	DE WAAL S A, XU Z H, LI C S, et al. Emplacement of viscous mushes in the Jinchuan ultramafic intrusion, western China[J]. The Canadian Mineralogist, 2004, 42(2):371-392. DOI URL
[28]	宋彪, 张玉海, 万渝生, 等. 锆石SHRIMP样品靶制作、年龄测定及有关现象讨论[J]. 地质论评, 2002, 48(增刊1):26-30.
[29]	吴元保, 郑永飞. 锆石成因矿物学研究及其对U-Pb年龄解释的制约[J]. 科学通报, 2004, 49(16):1589-1604.
[30]	MIDDLEMOST E A K. Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 1994, 37(3/4):215-224.
[31]	邓晋福, 刘翠, 冯艳芳, 等. 关于火成岩常用图解的正确使用: 讨论与建议[J]. 地质论评, 2015, 61(4):717-734.
[32]	WRIGHT J B. A simple alkalinity ratio and its application to questions of non-orogenic granite genesis[J]. Geological Magazine, 1969, 106(4):370-384. DOI URL
[33]	MANIAR P D, PICCOLI P M. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids[J]. The Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1989, 101(5):635-643. DOI URL
[34]	WATSON E B, HARRISON T M. Zircon saturation revisited:temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1983, 64(2):295-304. DOI URL
[35]	宋晨, 苏尚国, 伍月, 等. 甘肃金川铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床中高镁辉绿岩脉的发现及其意义[J]. 岩石学报, 2014, 30(11):3375-3382.
[36]	SUN S S, MCDONOUGH W F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1989, 42(1):313-345. DOI URL
[37]	WHALEN J B, CURRIE K L, CHAPPELL B W. A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis[J]. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1987, 95(4):407-419. DOI URL
[38]	刘勇. 甘肃金川古元古代花岗岩的特征及地质意义[J]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2008.
[39]	贾小辉, 王强, 唐功建. A型花岗岩的研究进展及意义[J]. 大地构造与成矿学, 2009, 33(3):465-480.
[40]	王强, 赵振华, 熊小林. 桐柏—大别造山带燕山晚期A型花岗岩的厘定[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志, 2000, 19(4):297-306, 315.
[41]	PEARCE J A, HARRIS N B W, TINDLE A G. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks[J]. Journal of Petrology, 1984, 25(4):956-983. DOI URL
[42]	KING P L, WHITE A J R, CHAPPELL B W, et al. Characterization and origin of aluminous A-type granites from the Lachlan fold belt, southeastern Australia[J]. Journal of Petrology, 1997, 38(3):371-391. DOI URL
[43]	TURNER S P, FODEN J D, MORRISON R S. Derivation of some A-type magmas by fractionation of basaltic magma: an example from the Padthaway Ridge, South Australia[J]. Lithos, 1992, 28(2):151-179.
[44]	COLLINS W J, BEAMS S D, WHITE A J R, et al. Nature and origin of A-type granites with particular reference to southeastern Australia[J]. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1982, 80(2):189-200. DOI URL
[45]	HARRIS C, MARSH J S, MILNER S C. Petrology of the alkaline core of the messum igneous complex, Namibia: evidence for the progressively decreasing effect of crustal contamination[J]. Journal of Petrology, 1999, 40(9):1377-1397.
[46]	ANDERSON J L, BENDER E E. Nature and origin of Proterozoic A-type granitic magmatism in the southwestern United States of America[J]. Lithos, 1989, 23(1/2):19-52.
[47]	CREASER R A, PRICE R C, WORMALD R J. A-type granites revisited: assessment of a residual-source model[J]. Geology, 1991, 19(2):163. DOI URL
[48]	CLEMENS J D, HOLLOWAY J R, WHITE A J R. Origin of an A-type granite: experimental constraints[J]. American Mineralogist, 1986, 71(3/4):317-324.
[49]	PATIÑO DOUCE A E, BEARD J S. Dehydration-melting of biotite gneiss and quartz amphibolite from 3 to 15 kbar[J]. Journal of Petrology, 1995, 36(3):707-738. DOI URL
[50]	SYLVESTER P J. Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites[J]. Lithos, 1998, 45(1/2/3/4):29-44.
[51]	TAYLOR S R, MCLENNAN S M. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. An examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishing, 1985.
[52]	XIA X H, SONG S G. Forming age and tectono-petrogenises of the Jiugequan ophiolite in the North Qilian Mountain, NW China[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(18):1899-1907.
[53]	WANG C Y, ZHANG Q, QIAN Q, et al. Geochemistry of the Early Paleozoic Baiyin volcanic rocks (NW China): implications for the tectonic evolution of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt[J]. Journal of Geology, 2005, 113(1):83-94. DOI URL
[54]	WANG N, WU C L, LEI M, et al. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Early Paleozoic granites in the western segment of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, China[J]. Lithos, 2018, 312/313:89-107.
[55]	YANG X Q, ZHANG Z H, JIANG Z S, et al. Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic significance of Huashugou granitoids in North Qilian, NW China[J]. Lithos, 2018, 314/315:497-505. DOI URL
[56]	吴才来, 徐学义, 高前明, 等. 北祁连早古生代花岗质岩浆作用及构造演化[J]. 岩石学报, 2010, 26(4):1027-1044.
[57]	YU S Y, ZHANG J X, QIN H P, et al. Petrogenesis of the Early Paleozoic low-Mg and high-Mg adakitic rocks in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, NW China: implications for transition from crustal thickening to extension thinning[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 107:122-139. DOI URL
[58]	WANG K X, YU C D, YAN J, et al. Petrogenesis of Early Silurian granitoids in the Longshoushan area and their implications for the extensional environment of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, China[J]. Lithos, 2019, 342/343:152-174.