俯冲增生杂岩带变形特征、成因机制及与后期变形的区别

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.2.4

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

俯冲增生杂岩带是造山带重要的组成单元,它记录了从俯冲到碰撞以及碰撞后陆内的演化历史,具有重要的研究价值。由于增生楔形成过程复杂,而后期的碰撞以及陆内变形又会强烈改造俯冲期的变形,因此如何区分增生杂岩中俯冲期间和碰撞阶段的变形就非常重要,但明确的区分两者又是非常困难的工作。我国几乎所有地区发育的俯冲-增生杂岩都经历了后期强烈的改造,因而正确合理地筛分俯冲阶段和碰撞阶段的变形,在我国的造山带研究中日益突出。本文在详细介绍俯冲期间相关变形及其机制的基础上,从不同构造要素的分布、发育特征、形成环境、成因机制等方面综合对比了俯冲阶段和碰撞阶段以及之后构造变形的异同,提出了区别不同阶段变形的主要原则。相比碰撞阶段变形,俯冲阶段的变形主要集中在俯冲隧道中,以简单剪切或一般剪切为主(逆冲断层多见),底板垫托以及双冲构造是变形的重要特征,变形呈弥散性,断层和面理以及褶皱等具有优势的构造极性,但缺少区域尺度的大型褶皱;纯剪变形少见,主要发育在俯冲隧道上方的增生楔中。流体作用以及水岩反应强烈,直接控制变形行为,发育有从显微尺度到区域尺度的变形分解现象。而碰撞阶段主要是在陆上环境进行,主要变形集中在接触带以及大型断裂/剪切带附近。断层和面理的构造极性不明显,增生楔整体变形,出现区域尺度的大型褶皱;流体作用虽有,但不如俯冲阶段明显和强烈,以逆冲和走滑断层多见。然而很多指标和依据并不是某种环境下唯一的,因此在实际工作中需要综合各方面信息和要素进行判断,合理区分不同阶段的变形。

关键词: 俯冲, 碰撞, 增生杂岩, 变形环境, 变形

Abstract:

Subduction-accretionary complex belts are an important component of orogenic belts and have great research values. They record the evolutionary history from the subduction to the collision periods as well as the history of intracontinental evolution after the collision event. Because the formation process of accretionary wedges is complex, and the deformation occurred during the subduction can undergo strong transformation due to the late-stage collision and intracontinental deformation, it is very important to distinguish between the initial and late-stage deformation, although such a task is very difficult. The subduction-accretionary complexes developed in China have all experienced significant late-stage transformations; therefore, the need for reasonable differentiation criteria for deformation of different stages becomes increasingly important in the study of orogenic belts of China continent. Based on the detailed descriptions of subduction-related deformation and its formation mechanism, this study comprehensively compares the similarities and differences in deformations formed in the subduction, collision and subsequent intraplate orogenic stages in terms of their distribution and development characteristics as well as the formation conditions and mechanisms of different structural elements, and puts forward the main principles for distinguishing deformations of different stages. Compared to the collision-induced deformation, deformation in the subduction stage is mainly concentrated in the subduction channels as simple shear or general shear primarily (thrust faults are common), with underplating and duplexing as the important features of deformation. The collision-induced deformation is diffused in matrix during the subduction, with faults, foliations and folds exhibiting dominant structural polarity; but regional-scale large folds are lacking. Pure shear deformation is rare and mainly developed in accretionary wedges above subduction channels. Abundant fluids and strong water-rock interaction directly control the deformation behavior, causing development of strain partitioning, from micro to regional scales. The collision stage mainly occurs in onshore environments, and the main deformation is concentrated near the contact zones between different geological units and large faults or shear zones. The structural polarity of faults and foliations is not obvious, and accretionary wedges are deformed as a whole, resulting in the development of large folds on a regional scale. Although fluids also exist during the deformation, their effects are not as obvious and strong as in the subduction stage, and thrust and strike slip faults are more common. However, many deformation indicators and differentiation criteria are not unique within a given environment; therefore, in practice, it is necessary to consider all aspects of such information so that reasonable judgment can be made.

Key words: subduction, collision, accretionary complex, deformation condition, deformation

中图分类号:

P542

张进, 曲军峰, 赵衡, 张北航, 刘建峰, 郑荣国, 杨亚琦, 牛鹏飞, 惠洁, 赵硕, 张义平. 俯冲增生杂岩带变形特征、成因机制及与后期变形的区别[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(2): 56-78.

ZHANG Jin, QU Junfeng, ZHAO Heng, ZHANG Beihang, LIU Jianfeng, ZHENG Rongguo, YANG Yaqi, NIU Pengfei, HUI Jie, ZHAO Shuo, ZHANG Yiping. Deformation in subduction-accretionary complex belts: Characteristics, mechanism and differentiation from late-stage event[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(2): 56-78.

图/表 16

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对比项		主要构造特征
对比项		俯冲增生期		碰撞及后期
变形环境与总体特征		俯冲作用几乎全部在海沟深部水下进行,主要变形集中在俯冲隧道中,以简单剪切或一般剪切为主(逆冲断层多见),断层和面理以及褶皱等具有优势的构造极性;纯剪变形少见,主要发育在俯冲隧道上方的增生楔中。流体作用以及水岩反应强烈,直接控制变形行为。俯冲隧道宽度一般较大,会出现应变分带现象以及深部物质的折返。	主要是在陆上环境进行,主要变形集中在接触带以及大型断裂/剪切带附近。断层和面理的构造极性不明显;流体作用虽有,但不如俯冲阶段明显和强烈。以逆冲和走滑断层多见。
面理		1.鳞片状,压溶作用普遍^{[11,28,76,86,96-99,143]}。 2.分布稳定、连续,走向稳定,倾角多变^[86]。 3.主要分布在基质中,透入性,均匀且厚度大,宏观呈塑性^[29,58]。 4.发育S-C组构和透入性里德尔剪切^[3,25,55-56]。 5.几乎都经历递进变形,发育小尺度不对称褶皱^[51]。 6.沿面理经常有脉体分布^[69,121]。 7.卷入岩石为砂、泥岩以及部分基性火山岩为主。	1.多集中在断裂带或剪切带附近,厚度薄^[147,148]。 2.分布不连续,里德尔剪切分布不均匀。 3.一般倾角较陡(与后期走滑作用有关)。 4.卷入岩石主要包括中酸性侵入岩和沉积岩。
线理	矿物线理	1.发育较弱,不易识别(变质程度无或低—浊沸石相、葡萄石—绿纤石相),以云母多见^[28] 。 2.方向多变,不稳定,既有平行俯冲带,也有垂直俯冲带或介于两者之间^[44,144] 。	1.广泛发育、容易识别(变质程度较高—绿片岩相),以石英等拉伸线理为主^{[86,103,133-134,149]} 。 2.稳定分布,平行或近于平行构造带,线理近水平为主。
	透镜体	1.岩块透镜体化,一般浅部长轴垂直于俯冲方向,深部则出现无优选方向或向平行俯冲方向旋转^[51,55,61]。 2.一般发育于俯冲板块上部,处于伸展、弱变质环境^[51,104]。	1.一般发育于褶皱、地壳加厚环境,变质环境较高,高绿片岩相—角闪岩相^[103]。
	脉体	1.脉体丰富(浅部为富水沉积物脱水、深部为矿物变质反应脱水)^[70]。 2成分多样,以钠长石、石英、方解石、蓝闪石以及蓝透闪石等多见^[51,61,145]。 3.垂直面理与平行面理脉体发育^{[61,69,121-123]}。	1.分布局限。 2.成分以石英、方解石为主。 3.产状多样。
断层	正断层或 extensional band	1.分布普遍且规模较小,走向上连续性不好。 2.一般发育在增生楔的上部^[31-32,54]。 3.由块体透镜化的里德尔剪切破裂发展而来,走向平行面理或构造带^[51,61] 。 4.高角度和低角度断层均发育^[54,61] 。 5.与海山/洋脊俯冲有关,分布局限^[106,107]。 6.与地震活动有关,分布局限^[51,71]。 7.与俯冲过程中的构造侵蚀有关^[108]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好。 2.切割前期构造(可平行前期构造也可以大角度相交)。 3.高角度和低角度断层均发育,但低角度多见。 4.控制陆相沉积(伸展盆地)。 5.切割增生楔的区域性盖层或侵入其中的岩体、岩脉。
断层	逆冲断层	1.发育大量不同尺度双冲构造^{[52-53,77-79]}。 2.规模大小不一。 3.密集发育^[77,111]。 4.与基质面理的走向一致或平行,构造极性明显^{[51,59-60,111]}。 5.主要变形带厚度和位移量大(megathrust)^[88,93]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好^[150]。 2.切割前期构造^[150]。 3.控制陆相沉积和变形(前陆盆地)。 4.切割增生楔的区域性盖层或侵入其中的岩体、岩脉。 5.可以出现与走滑断层相伴生的次级逆冲断层,剖面上呈正花状,无清晰的构造极性。
走滑断层		1.分散分布。 2.多见于斜向俯冲的增生楔中后部(发生应变分解)^[129,130]。 3.与海山/洋脊俯冲有关,分布局限^[106,107] 。 4.见于Trench-Trench-Trench三联点俯冲地区^[146]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好^{[133,138,149,151]}。 2.切割或卷入前期构造。 3.控制陆相沉积和变形(拉分盆地)。 4.断层两侧构造样式对称或近于对称,花状构造发育^[132]。 5.常见于陆内变形阶段^[138] 。 6.切割增生楔的区域性盖层或侵入其中的岩体、岩脉。
褶皱		1.片间紧闭同斜褶皱发育,为剪切褶皱,规模小(露头尺度),数量多,褶皱的振幅与1/4波长比值高^[86]。 2.递进变形发育,多为共轴^[48]。 3.不同深度褶皱样式不一,多数褶皱为1B和1C型褶皱^[86],深部出现剑鞘褶皱等A型褶皱^[48,104,111]。 4.褶皱的连续性不好,缺少区域性的褶皱^[77,86]。 5.既有软沉积物变形,也有韧性变形^[19,70]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好(不同尺度均发育),褶皱的振幅与1/4波长比值低^[86,103,131]。 2.弯滑褶皱(B型褶皱)发育^[134,146]。 3.存在向前陆方向变弱的构造极性(褶皱极性和幅度)^[135]。 4.褶皱一般比较宽缓,轴面近陡倾^[111,135]。 5.脆、韧性变形,发育叠加褶皱。

对比项		主要构造特征
对比项		俯冲增生期		碰撞及后期
变形环境与总体特征		俯冲作用几乎全部在海沟深部水下进行,主要变形集中在俯冲隧道中,以简单剪切或一般剪切为主(逆冲断层多见),断层和面理以及褶皱等具有优势的构造极性;纯剪变形少见,主要发育在俯冲隧道上方的增生楔中。流体作用以及水岩反应强烈,直接控制变形行为。俯冲隧道宽度一般较大,会出现应变分带现象以及深部物质的折返。	主要是在陆上环境进行,主要变形集中在接触带以及大型断裂/剪切带附近。断层和面理的构造极性不明显;流体作用虽有,但不如俯冲阶段明显和强烈。以逆冲和走滑断层多见。
面理		1.鳞片状,压溶作用普遍^{[11,28,76,86,96-99,143]}。 2.分布稳定、连续,走向稳定,倾角多变^[86]。 3.主要分布在基质中,透入性,均匀且厚度大,宏观呈塑性^[29,58]。 4.发育S-C组构和透入性里德尔剪切^[3,25,55-56]。 5.几乎都经历递进变形,发育小尺度不对称褶皱^[51]。 6.沿面理经常有脉体分布^[69,121]。 7.卷入岩石为砂、泥岩以及部分基性火山岩为主。	1.多集中在断裂带或剪切带附近,厚度薄^[147,148]。 2.分布不连续,里德尔剪切分布不均匀。 3.一般倾角较陡(与后期走滑作用有关)。 4.卷入岩石主要包括中酸性侵入岩和沉积岩。
线理	矿物线理	1.发育较弱,不易识别(变质程度无或低—浊沸石相、葡萄石—绿纤石相),以云母多见^[28] 。 2.方向多变,不稳定,既有平行俯冲带,也有垂直俯冲带或介于两者之间^[44,144] 。	1.广泛发育、容易识别(变质程度较高—绿片岩相),以石英等拉伸线理为主^{[86,103,133-134,149]} 。 2.稳定分布,平行或近于平行构造带,线理近水平为主。
	透镜体	1.岩块透镜体化,一般浅部长轴垂直于俯冲方向,深部则出现无优选方向或向平行俯冲方向旋转^[51,55,61]。 2.一般发育于俯冲板块上部,处于伸展、弱变质环境^[51,104]。	1.一般发育于褶皱、地壳加厚环境,变质环境较高,高绿片岩相—角闪岩相^[103]。
	脉体	1.脉体丰富(浅部为富水沉积物脱水、深部为矿物变质反应脱水)^[70]。 2成分多样,以钠长石、石英、方解石、蓝闪石以及蓝透闪石等多见^[51,61,145]。 3.垂直面理与平行面理脉体发育^{[61,69,121-123]}。	1.分布局限。 2.成分以石英、方解石为主。 3.产状多样。
断层	正断层或 extensional band	1.分布普遍且规模较小,走向上连续性不好。 2.一般发育在增生楔的上部^[31-32,54]。 3.由块体透镜化的里德尔剪切破裂发展而来,走向平行面理或构造带^[51,61] 。 4.高角度和低角度断层均发育^[54,61] 。 5.与海山/洋脊俯冲有关,分布局限^[106,107]。 6.与地震活动有关,分布局限^[51,71]。 7.与俯冲过程中的构造侵蚀有关^[108]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好。 2.切割前期构造(可平行前期构造也可以大角度相交)。 3.高角度和低角度断层均发育,但低角度多见。 4.控制陆相沉积(伸展盆地)。 5.切割增生楔的区域性盖层或侵入其中的岩体、岩脉。
断层	逆冲断层	1.发育大量不同尺度双冲构造^{[52-53,77-79]}。 2.规模大小不一。 3.密集发育^[77,111]。 4.与基质面理的走向一致或平行,构造极性明显^{[51,59-60,111]}。 5.主要变形带厚度和位移量大(megathrust)^[88,93]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好^[150]。 2.切割前期构造^[150]。 3.控制陆相沉积和变形(前陆盆地)。 4.切割增生楔的区域性盖层或侵入其中的岩体、岩脉。 5.可以出现与走滑断层相伴生的次级逆冲断层,剖面上呈正花状,无清晰的构造极性。
走滑断层		1.分散分布。 2.多见于斜向俯冲的增生楔中后部(发生应变分解)^[129,130]。 3.与海山/洋脊俯冲有关,分布局限^[106,107] 。 4.见于Trench-Trench-Trench三联点俯冲地区^[146]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好^{[133,138,149,151]}。 2.切割或卷入前期构造。 3.控制陆相沉积和变形(拉分盆地)。 4.断层两侧构造样式对称或近于对称,花状构造发育^[132]。 5.常见于陆内变形阶段^[138] 。 6.切割增生楔的区域性盖层或侵入其中的岩体、岩脉。
褶皱		1.片间紧闭同斜褶皱发育,为剪切褶皱,规模小(露头尺度),数量多,褶皱的振幅与1/4波长比值高^[86]。 2.递进变形发育,多为共轴^[48]。 3.不同深度褶皱样式不一,多数褶皱为1B和1C型褶皱^[86],深部出现剑鞘褶皱等A型褶皱^[48,104,111]。 4.褶皱的连续性不好,缺少区域性的褶皱^[77,86]。 5.既有软沉积物变形,也有韧性变形^[19,70]。	1.规模较大,走向上连续性好(不同尺度均发育),褶皱的振幅与1/4波长比值低^[86,103,131]。 2.弯滑褶皱(B型褶皱)发育^[134,146]。 3.存在向前陆方向变弱的构造极性(褶皱极性和幅度)^[135]。 4.褶皱一般比较宽缓,轴面近陡倾^[111,135]。 5.脆、韧性变形,发育叠加褶皱。