深部过程和物质架构对大陆碰撞带Cu-REE成矿系统的控制:以冈底斯和三江碰撞带为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.12.19

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原是全球最典型的大陆碰撞带,发育世界级规模的斑岩Cu成矿带和REE成矿带,但目前尚不清楚大陆碰撞如何控制它们的形成。基本问题是:触发碰撞增厚的岩石圈熔融的机制,岩石圈架构与Cu-REE成矿的关系以及Cu-REE和挥发分的来源及成矿机制。利用深反射地震和卫星重力数据的联合反演,结合大地电磁(MT)阵列和地球化学数据,对冈底斯正向碰撞带和三江侧向碰撞带的岩石圈结构进行了成像分析,探讨深部过程和物质架构对于Cu-REE成矿的控制。新生代印度大陆-亚洲大陆碰撞过程中,俯冲的印度大陆岩石圈发生了显著的撕裂,从而为软流圈上升流提供了通道,改造了上覆的岩石圈并引发融熔。这一过程产生超钾质熔体,这些熔体上升并在地壳底部积聚,其高的热流值和挥发分释放诱发了上覆新生下地壳的熔融形成富水岩浆,角闪石分离结晶造成岩浆氧化,这种富水高氧逸度的岩浆有利于Cu的迁移和富集。研究表明,三个关键因素形成了与碰撞相关的斑岩矿床:中等角度板片俯冲,板片撕裂和富硫化物新生下地壳的熔融。在三江侧向碰撞带的扬子克拉通边缘,由印度大陆俯冲或地幔对流驱动的热软流圈的垂直上升流和横向流动导致克拉通大陆岩石圈发生热侵蚀和部分熔融。克拉通边缘的大陆岩石圈先前经历了来自再循环海洋沉积物的富含REE和CO₂的流体的交代作用,从而富集了REE,后来又被沿着岩石圈不连续面(例如走滑断层、裂谷)上升的碳酸岩熔体携带,形成大型的碳酸岩型稀土矿床。而缺乏源区交代作用的克拉通大陆岩石圈的熔融可能会产生碳酸岩、超钾质岩和镁铁质岩熔体,但它们形成碳酸岩型稀土矿床的潜力有限。

关键词: 大陆俯冲, 大陆碰撞, 板片撕裂, Hf填图, 新生地壳

Abstract:

Situated in an archetypal continental collision zone the Tibetan Plateau developed world-class porphyry Cu and carbonate REE metallogenetic belts, yet there is no scientific consensus about the mechanism of continental collision control of Cu-REE mineralization in the region. The outstanding issues include the exact trigger mechanism for melting of the thickened lithosphere, the relationship between the lithospheric framework and Cu-REE metallogenesis, and the source of Cu, REE and volatiles and their depositional processes. To better understand the deep process and lithospheric architectural control of Cu-REE metallogenesis, this paper summarizes the lithospheric architecture of the Gangdese forward and oblique collision zones had been imaged and analyzed using joint inversion of surface wave and satellite gravity data, combined with magnetotelluric (MT) array and geochemical data. During the India-Asia collision in the Cenozoic the subducting Indian lithosphere experienced significant tearing, allowing asthenospheric upwelling to rework the overlying Asian lithosphere and cause melting. The resulting ultrapotassic melt ascended and accumulated at the bottom of the crust, providing high heat flow and volatiles for the melting of the juvenile lower crust. In the hydrous melt, amphibole fractionation led to melt oxidation, promoting Cu recycling and enrichment. The above results revealed three key factors controlling the formation of collisional porphyry deposits: moderate-angle subduction, slab tearing, and reactivation of the sulfide-enriched juvenile lower crust. At the margin of the Yangtze craton, Sanjiang oblique collision zone, vertical upwelling and horizontal flow of asthenosphere, driven by subduction of the Indian plate or mantle convection, caused thermal erosion and partial melting of the cratonic continental lithosphere. The lithosphere beneath the craton margin was REE enriched due to prior metasomatism by REE/CO₂-rich fluid from recycled oceanic sediment, and enriched REEs were carried by ascending carbonate melt along the lithosphere discontinuity (e.g., strike-slip fault, rift) to form large scale carbonate REE deposits. Without prior lithospheric metasomatism, carbonatic, ultrapotassic and mafic melts produced from the melting of the cratonic lithosphere had limited potential to form carbonate REE deposits.

Key words: continental plate subduction, continental collision, slab tearing, Hf isotopic mapping, juvenile crust

中图分类号:

王瑞, 张京渤, 罗晨皓, 周秋石, 夏文杰, 赵云. 深部过程和物质架构对大陆碰撞带Cu-REE成矿系统的控制:以冈底斯和三江碰撞带为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(1): 211-225.

WANG Rui, ZHANG Jingbo, LUO Chenhao, ZHOU Qiushi, XIA Wenjie, ZHAO Yun. Deep process and lithospheric architectural control of Cu-REE mineralization in continental collision zone: Insights from a case study of the Gangdese and Sanjiang collisional belts[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 211-225.

图/表 5

图1 青藏高原构造简图 AKMS—阿尼玛卿—昆仑—木孜塔格缝合带;ARSZ—哀牢山—红河剪切带;BNS—班公湖—怒江缝合带;IYSZ—印度河—雅鲁藏布江缝合带;JS—金沙江缝合带;MBT—碰撞带主边界逆冲断层。XX’、YY’和ZZ’代表图3中的3条地震P波波速剖面。

Fig.1 Simplified structural map of the Tibetan Plateau

图2 喜马拉雅-西藏造山带下方印度岩石圈地幔撕裂示意图该示意图展示了不同俯冲角度的印度岩石圈板片的撕裂以及与碰撞有关的斑岩矿床 (如驱龙、甲玛、邦浦等)的形成。北向印度岩石圈板片的倾角和距离由地幔地震层析成像模型和文献数据推断得到[37-38]。MFT—主前缘逆冲断裂;MCT—主中央逆冲断裂;STDS—藏南拆离系统;IYSZ—雅鲁藏布江缝合带;MBT—主边界逆冲断裂;CR—错那裂谷;YGR—亚东—谷露裂谷;TYR—当惹雍错裂谷;LGR—隆格尔裂谷;YRR—亚热裂谷。

Fig.2 Tearing of the Indian mantle slab beneath the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen

图3 印度板片缓俯冲、中等角度俯冲和陡俯冲示意图及相应地震剖面成像(据文献[49]修改) A—缓俯冲、中等角度俯冲及陡俯冲的成矿模式,以及典型矿床的空间分布;B—图1中XX’、YY’、ZZ’三条地震剖面对应成像。

Fig.3 Schematic diagrams of shallow, moderate-angle, and steep-angle subduction of the Indian plate (panel A) and corresponding seismic profile images (panel B). Modified from [49].

图4 冈底斯带侏罗纪、白垩纪、古新世-始新世和中新世岩浆活动Nd-Hf同位素空间分布特征[19] (A-D)各期岩浆活动εNd(t)随经度的变化;(E)叠置的Nd同位素分布模式;(F-I) 各期岩浆活动εHf(t)随经度的变化;(J)叠置的Hf同位素分布模式。Nd同位素为全岩分析数据,Hf同位素为锆石分析数据。棕色虚线突出了中新世和古新世岩浆同位素分布模型的转折点均在91.5°E附近。

Fig.4 Nd-Hf isotopic spatial distribution in Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene-Eocene, and Miocene magmatic rocks in the Gangdese belt. Adapted from [19].

图5 碰撞型斑岩Cu矿床成因模式示意图

Fig.5 Genetic model of porphyry copper deposit in a collision zone

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