深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.7.13

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 14-27.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.7.13

• 俯冲碰撞与岩浆活动、变质作用与成矿系统 • 上一篇下一篇

深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

高锐¹^,²^,³(), 周卉¹, 卢占武²^,^*(), 郭晓玉¹^,^*(), 李文辉², 王海燕², 李洪强³, 熊小松³, 黄兴富⁴, 徐啸¹

1.中山大学地球科学与工程学院, 广东广州 510275
2.中国地质科学院地质研究所, 北京 100037
3.中国地质科学院深部探测中心, 北京 100037
4.桂林理工大学地球科学学院, 广西桂林 541004

收稿日期:2021-05-22 修回日期:2021-06-28 出版日期:2022-03-25 发布日期:2022-03-31
通讯作者: 卢占武,郭晓玉
作者简介:高锐(1950—),男,教授,博士生导师,中国科学院院士,地球物理学家,主要从事地球物理与深部探测研究。E-mail: gaorui66@mail.sysu.edu.cn
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0701);国家自然科学基金项目(41430213);国家自然科学基金项目(41574091);国家自然科学基金项目(41590863);国家自然科学基金项目(41874102);国家重点研究计划项目(2016YFC0600301);广东省“珠江人才计划”引进创新创业团队项目(2117ZT07Z066);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)南海深部地球物理创新团队项目;中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20190016);国土资源部深部探测项目(SinoProbe-02)

Deep seismic reflection profile reveals the deep process of continent-continent collision on the Tibetan Plateau

GAO Rui¹^,²^,³(), ZHOU Hui¹, LU Zhanwu²^,^*(), GUO Xiaoyu¹^,^*(), LI Wenhui², WANG Haiyan², LI Hongqiang³, XIONG Xiaosong³, HUANG Xingfu⁴, XU Xiao¹

1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
3. Deep Exploration Center, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
4. College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China

Received:2021-05-22 Revised:2021-06-28 Online:2022-03-25 Published:2022-03-31
Contact: LU Zhanwu,GUO Xiaoyu

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

印度板块与亚洲板块的碰撞使喜马拉雅-青藏高原隆升,地壳增厚并生长扩展。探测青藏高原深部结构,揭露两个大陆如何碰撞以及碰撞如何使大陆变形的过程,是对全球关切的科学奥秘的探索。深地震反射剖面探测是打开这个科学奥秘的最有效途径之一。二十多年来,运用这项高技术探测到青藏高原巨厚地壳的精细结构,攻克了难以得到下地壳和Moho面信息的技术瓶颈,揭露了陆-陆碰撞过程。本文在探测研究成果的基础上,从青藏高原南北-东西对比,再到高原腹地,系统地综述了青藏高原之下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞-俯冲的深部行为。印度地壳在高原南缘俯冲在喜马拉雅造山带之下,亚洲板块的阿拉善地块岩石圈在北缘向祁连山下俯冲,祁连山地壳向外扩展,塔里木地块与高原西缘的西昆仑发生面对面的碰撞,在高原东缘发现龙日坝断裂(而不是龙门山断裂)是扬子板块的西缘边界,高原腹地Moho面厚度薄而平坦,岩石圈伸展垮塌。多条深反射剖面揭露了在雅鲁藏布江缝合带下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞的行为,不仅沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带走向印度地壳俯冲行为存在东西变化,而且印度地壳向北行进到拉萨地体内部的位置也不同。在缝合带中部,研究显示印度地壳上地壳与下地壳拆离,上地壳向北仰冲,下地壳向北俯冲,并在俯冲过程中发生物质的回返与构造叠置,这导致印度地壳减薄,喜马拉雅地壳加厚。俯冲印度地壳前缘与亚洲地壳碰撞后沉入地幔,处于亚洲板块前缘的冈底斯岩基与特提斯喜马拉雅近于直立碰撞,冈底斯下地壳呈部分熔融状态,近乎透明的弱反射和局部出现的亮点反射以及近于平的Moho面都反映出亚洲板块南缘处于伸展构造环境。

关键词: 喜马拉雅-青藏高原, 陆-陆碰撞, 大陆俯冲, 深部过程, 深地震反射剖面

Abstract:

The collision between the Indian and Asian plates uplifted the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau, thickening and expanding the crust. The deep structure of the plateau-a scientific mystery of global concern-can reveal how the two continents collide and how the collision deforms the continent. One of the most effective ways to unlock this scientific mystery is deep seismic reflection profiling. For more than 20 years using this technology we have detected the fine structure of the thick crust of the Tibetan Plateau, overcoming the technical bottleneck of accessing the lower crust and the Moho and revealing the intracontinental collision process. Based on the research results, this paper systematically summarizes the deep behavior of the collision and subduction between the Indian and Asian plates under the Tibetan Plateau, on topics ranging from the NS-EW correlation to the plateau’s hinterland. The deep behavior includes the underthrusting of the Indian crust beneath the Himalayan orogenic belt on the southern margin of the plateau, the subduction of the lithosphere of the Alashan block in the Asian plate under the Qilian mountain in the northern rim of the plateau, the outward crustal extension in the Qilian mountain range, and the face-to-face collision between the Tarim block and the West Kunlun in the northwestern margin of the plateau; in the eastern margin of the plateau it was discovered that the Longriba fault, not the Longmenshan fault, is the western border fault of the Yangtze plate. In the plateau’s hinterland the Moho lines are thin and flat and lithosphere extension collapses. Multiple deep reflection profiles reveal the collisional behavior of the Indian and Asian plates under the Yalungzangbo suture zone. The subduction of the Indian continental crust varies from east to west, and the crust travels northward to different locations inside the Lhasa terrain. In the central suture zone, the upper and lower parts of the Indian crust become detached as the upper crust overthrusts while the lower crust subducts northward. During the subduction, material return and structural superposition cause the thinning and thickening of the Indian and Himalayan crust, respectively. The leading edge of the subducting Indian crust collides with the Asian crust and sinks into the mantle, while a near-vertical collision occurs between the Gangdise at the leading edge of the Asian plate, and the Tethys. Together, the partial melting of the lower crust of the Gangdise, the seismic data that show near transparent weak reflection and localized bright spot reflection, and the near-flat Moho, all reflect the extensional tectonic environment of the southern margin of the Asian plate.

Key words: Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau, continent-continent collision, continental underthrust, deep process, deep seismic reflection profile

中图分类号:

P631.4
P542

高锐, 周卉, 卢占武, 郭晓玉, 李文辉, 王海燕, 李洪强, 熊小松, 黄兴富, 徐啸. 深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(2): 14-27.

GAO Rui, ZHOU Hui, LU Zhanwu, GUO Xiaoyu, LI Wenhui, WANG Haiyan, LI Hongqiang, XIONG Xiaosong, HUANG Xingfu, XU Xiao. Deep seismic reflection profile reveals the deep process of continent-continent collision on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(2): 14-27.

图/表 8

图1 青藏高原深地震反射剖面探测工作程度图(截至2019年底) 黄线由INDEPTH项目及中国地震局完成(据文献[10,11,12,13]);红线和黑线由中国地质科学院地质院究所岩石圈团队为主完成(据文献[14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46])。1—据文献[14,15];2—据文献[16];3—据文献[17,18,19,20];4—据文献[21,22];5—据文献[23,24];6—据文献[25,26];7—据文献[27,28];8—据文献[29,30];9—据文献[31];10—据文献[32,33,34];11—据文献[35,36];12—据文献[37];13—据文献[38];14—据文献[39];15—据文献[40],此剖面跨越雅鲁藏布江,使用了一次观测完成2段相接剖面技术,故特别用黑线表示;16—据文献[41,42];17—据文献[43];18—据文献[44];19和20—据文献[45,46];21和22—未发表。

Fig.1 Status of deep seismic reflection profiling study in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (as of end of 2019)

图2 INDEPTH-Ⅰ深地震反射剖面发现了印度地壳俯冲在喜马拉雅山下的证据 A—未偏移的深地震反射时间剖面,据文献[10];B—构造解释卡通图。MBT—主边界逆冲断裂;MCT—主中央逆冲断裂;STD—藏南拆离断层;TWT—双程走时;剖面位置见图1。

Fig.2 Evidence of subduction of the Indian continental crust beneath the Himalayas revealed by the INDEPTH-Ⅰ study

图3 北祁连—河西走廊深地震反射剖面(左)和构造解释(右) (据文献[48]修改) 白色三角形—横向连续的强反射轴,代表浅部的沉积地层;红色三角形—一条横向上可以断续追踪的强反射轴,为壳内滑脱层的反射;黑色三角形—中下地壳内短的、近水平的反射轴;绿色三角形—中下地壳内向南倾斜的反射轴;蓝色三角形—强反射的Moho面;蓝色竖线—Moho面转换带;黑色点线—一系列截断主要反射轴的逆冲断层;黑色粗虚线—Moho面;带字母的黄色圆圈—透明反射区;红色实线—北边界逆冲断裂(North Border Thrust,NBT),据文献[19,20],阿拉善地块地壳沿NBT向祁连山下俯冲;剖面位置见图1中3号剖面。

Fig.3 Deep seismic reflection profile (left) in the North Qilian-Hexi corridor and its tectonic interpretation(right). Modified after [48].

图4 西昆仑—塔里木深地震反射剖面(左)和面对面构造模型解释(右) (据文献[15]修改) A—偏移时间剖面,2015年再处理;纵坐标为双程时间(s),横向为CDP编号,间距25 m;蓝色虚线描述了主要震相,显示出6 s之下西昆仑下地壳与塔里木下地壳发生面对面汇聚。B—西昆仑的下地壳是俯冲印度板块下地壳的延伸,与塔里木发生碰撞。C—西昆仑的下地壳是俯冲印度板块下地壳断离回返部分,形成新的叠置的Moho面,与塔里木碰撞(剖面位置见图1的1号剖面)。

Fig.4 Deep seismic reflection profile (left) in the West Kunlun and Tarim and its interpretation according to the face-to-face tectonic model (right). Modified after 15.

图5 龙门山深地震反射剖面(若尔盖盆地—四川盆地)(图1中12号剖面) SGT—松潘甘孜地体;YB—扬子地块;LRQF—龙日曲断裂(龙日坝断裂带的右支);PGF—彭冠断裂;MJF—岷江断裂;WMF—汶川—茂文断裂;BCF—北川断裂。反射剖面显示:扬子下地壳自四川盆地穿越龙门山向西被龙日坝断裂带截切,如图b;汶川—茂文断裂为一花状走滑构造,向下延伸切穿Moho面,如图c。

Fig.5 Deep seismic reflection section in Longmenshan (Zoegay Basin-Sichuan Basin, location see Fig.1)

图6 青藏高原腹地(拉萨地体北—BNS—羌塘地体)深地震反射剖面(图1中8号剖面) a—反射剖面线条图,纵坐标为双程走时,横坐标为纬度; b—a图左下角黑框内班公湖—怒江缝合带Moho面的局部放大地震图像。BNS代表班公湖—怒江缝合带;缝合带南侧拉萨地体最北部Moho面出现在24 s,缝合带北侧羌塘地体的Moho面出现在22 s,Moho面在缝合带南北两侧存在2 s的错断;越过BNS缝合带进入羌塘地体内部的Moho面抬升到20~21 s,近水平展布。

Fig.6 Deep seismic reflection profile in the central Tibetan plateau (North Lhasa terrain-BNS-Qiangtang terrain, location see section 8 in Fig.1)

图7 横过昆仑断裂的深地震反射剖面(见图1中5号剖面) (据文献[69]) a—未解释的深反射剖面线条图,跨越若尔盖盆地—西秦岭造山带—临夏盆地,全长260 km(据文献[69]);b—昆仑断裂部分的解释。图a中的黑框—昆仑断裂部分;图b的纵坐标—右为双程走时,左为参考深度,以地壳平均速度6.00 km/s估算;UD,MD,LD—上拆离断层、中拆离断层、下拆离断层。

Fig.7 Deep seismic reflection profile across the Kunlun fault (location see section 5 in Fig.1). Adapted from 69.

图8 横过雅鲁藏布江缝合带深地震反射剖面大炮单次剖面线条图(a)及特提斯喜马拉雅—雅鲁藏布江缝合带—冈底斯岩基的深地震反射剖面线条图与解释(b) 图a为谢通门西剖面2个大炮(编号102482和104282,每个药量2000 kg)单炮数据衔接剖面,剖面位置见图1中的15号剖面(黑色段,据文献[65])。纵坐标为双程走时,向下延伸至30 s(深度94.50 km,按地壳平均速度6.30 km/s估算,据文献[76]。横坐标按CDP排列方式标出了两个大炮位置。图中显示印度地壳已经俯冲带到冈底斯之下,与亚洲地壳碰撞,两个大陆地幔缝合。解释见正文。图b是谢通门西剖面大中小炮全部数据的叠加剖面线条图,黑色线是素描线,蓝色线是用于解释的框架线。横坐标使用距离(km)表示,以剖面南端起算全长105 km。在图a和图b中都示意标出雅鲁藏布江缝合带和冈底斯岩基的位置。2个大炮位置用红五星表示,102482炮位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带南界10 km,特提斯喜马拉雅构造带内。104282炮位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带北界35 km,已经进入冈底斯岩基内部。

Fig.8 (a) Single shot gather for deep seismic reflection profile across the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and (b) short gather for and interpretation of deep seismic reflection profile in the Tethys Himalaya-Yarlungzangbo suture-Gangdise batholith

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深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

Deep seismic reflection profile reveals the deep process of continent-continent collision on the Tibetan Plateau

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