喜马拉雅西部雅鲁藏布江缝合带地壳尺度的构造叠置

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.7.10

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 210-217.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.7.10

• 洋板块地质与造山带地质 • 上一篇下一篇

喜马拉雅西部雅鲁藏布江缝合带地壳尺度的构造叠置

卢占武¹(), 高锐¹^,²^,⁴^,^*(), Simon KLEMPERER³, 王海燕¹, 董树文⁴^,⁵, 李文辉¹, 李洪强⁴

1.中国地质科学院地质研究所自然资源部深地动力学重点实验室, 北京 100037
2.中山大学地球科学与工程学院, 广东广州 510275
3.斯坦福大学地球物理系, 美国加利福尼亚州斯坦福 94305-2215
4.中国地质科学院深部探测中心, 北京 100037
5.南京大学, 江苏南京 210093

收稿日期:2021-06-19 修回日期:2021-08-19 出版日期:2022-03-25 发布日期:2022-03-31
通讯作者: 高锐
作者简介:卢占武(1978—),男,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事岩石圈结构探测与地球动力学研究工作。E-mail: luzhanwu78@163.com
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0701);国家自然科学基金项目(41574091);国家自然科学基金项目(41590863);国家自然科学基金项目(41430213);国家自然科学基金项目(91962109);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0600301);自然资源部深地动力学重点实验室项目(J1901-3);原国土资源部深部探测项目(SinoProbe-02-01)

Crustal-scale duplexing beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture in the western Himalaya

LU Zhanwu¹(), GAO Rui¹^,²^,⁴^,^*(), Simon KLEMPERER³, WANG Haiyan¹, DONG Shuwen⁴^,⁵, LI Wenhui¹, LI Hongqiang⁴

1. Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
2. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
3. Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford 94305-2215, USA
4. Deep Exploration Center, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
5. Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Received:2021-06-19 Revised:2021-08-19 Online:2022-03-25 Published:2022-03-31
Contact: GAO Rui

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

陆陆碰撞过程是板块构造缺失的链条。印度板块与亚洲板块的碰撞造就了喜马拉雅造山带和青藏高原的主体。然而,人们对印度板块在大陆碰撞过程中的行为尚不了解。如大陆碰撞及其碰撞后的大陆俯冲是如何进行的、印度板块是俯冲在青藏高原之下还是回转至板块上部(喜马拉雅造山带内)以及两者比例如何,这些仍是亟待解决的问题。印度板块低角度沿喜马拉雅主逆冲断裂(MHT)俯冲在低喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅之下已经被反射地震图像很好地揭示。然而,关于MHT如何向北延伸,前人的研究仅获得了分辨率较低的接收函数图像。因而,MHT和雅鲁藏布江缝合带之间印度板块的俯冲行为仍是一个谜。喜马拉雅造山楔增生机制,也就是印度地壳前缘的变形机制,反映出物质被临界锥形逆冲断层作用转移到板块上部,或是以韧性管道流的样式向南溢出。在本次研究中,我们给出在喜马拉雅造山带西部地区横过雅鲁藏布江缝合带的沿东经81.5°展布的高分辨率深地震反射剖面,精细揭示了地壳尺度结构构造。剖面显示,MHT以大约20°的倾斜角度延伸至大约60 km深度,接近埋深为70~75 km的Moho面。越过雅鲁藏布江缝合带运移到北面的印度地壳厚度已经不足15 km。深地震反射剖面还显示中地壳逆冲构造反射发育。我们认为,伴随着印度板块俯冲,地壳尺度的多重构造叠置作用使物质自MHT下部的板块向其上部板块转移,这一过程使印度地壳厚度减薄了,同时加厚了喜马拉雅地壳。

关键词: 构造叠置, 地壳结构, 深地震反射剖面, 雅鲁藏布江缝合带, 青藏高原

Abstract:

The fate of the Indian plate during continental collision with Asian terranes, and the proportion of the Indian crust that is underthrust or subducted beneath Tibet as opposed to transferred to the upper (Himalayan) plate, are much debated. The active geometry of low-angle underthrusting or subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Lesser and Greater Himalayan thrust sheets is well known from seismic imaging. Previously, only images with lower resolution have been obtained in the Main Himalayan Thrust beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture that separates Indian and Asian rocks at the surface. It remains controversial whether the orogenic wedge between the Main Himalayan Thrust and the Yarlung Zangbo suture, formed of Indian crust transferred to the upper plate, is evolving by thrust-faulting in a critical-taper wedge or by southward extrusion of a ductile channel flow. Here we present a seismic reflection profile across the western Himalaya at 81.5°E, and show that the Main Himalayan Thrust dips 20 to 60 km depth beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture, approaching a continuous Moho reflection at 70-75 km depth. The Indian crust being transported northwards beyond the Yarlung Zangbo suture is no more than 15 km thick, reduced from its original 40 km thickness by transfer of material from the lower plate to the upper plate through crustal-scale duplexing.

Key words: duplexing, crustal structure, deep seismic reflection profile, Yarlung Zangbo suture, the Tibetan Plateau

中图分类号:

P542
P631.4

卢占武, 高锐, Simon KLEMPERER, 王海燕, 董树文, 李文辉, 李洪强. 喜马拉雅西部雅鲁藏布江缝合带地壳尺度的构造叠置[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(2): 210-217.

LU Zhanwu, GAO Rui, Simon KLEMPERER, WANG Haiyan, DONG Shuwen, LI Wenhui, LI Hongqiang. Crustal-scale duplexing beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture in the western Himalaya[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(2): 210-217.

图/表 3

图1 深地震反射剖面HKT-B线的地质背景及位置图(据文献[3,16-17,19-20,22,25-28]修改) 红色线—深地震反射剖面位置;黑色三角形—宽带地震台;YZS—雅鲁藏布江缝合带(Yarlung Zangbo Suture);GCT—大反冲断裂(Great Counter Thrust);KF—喀喇昆仑断层;JT—Jungbwa逆冲断层;STD—藏南拆离断层;GMD—纳木那尼拆离断层;MCT—主中央逆冲断层。

Fig.1 Geologic setting for reflection profile HKT-B. Modified after [3,16-17,19-20,22,25-28].

图2 HKT-B的叠前偏移时间剖面蓝色—STD及以上的主要结构;红色—莫霍面、MCT和结晶基底的弧形反射。

Fig.2 Pre-stack time migration of HKT-B reflection profile

图3 雅鲁藏布江缝合带(YZS)下的俯冲/增生样式 a—首选模式:YZS下的地壳尺度的构造叠置;b—备选模式:高喜马拉雅斜坡下的地壳厚度因通道流而减少;c—备选模式:整个印度岩石圈以约19°消减,地震莫霍面是一种辉长岩-榴辉岩相变;d—备选模式:印度岩石圈地幔和整个14 km的印度地壳一起以>19°消减,地震莫霍面是一个剪切带。

Fig.3 Subduction/accretion style beneath the YZS

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喜马拉雅西部雅鲁藏布江缝合带地壳尺度的构造叠置

Crustal-scale duplexing beneath the Yarlung Zangbo suture in the western Himalaya

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