地球深部脱碳过程研究评述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.10.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地球深部是一个巨大的碳库,含有地球98%以上的碳。在上地幔顶部,碳的主要存在形式是碳酸盐与CO₂。在一定的温度和压力条件下,它们可以降低地幔岩的固相线,参与地幔熔融过程,形成含碳的硅酸盐熔体或者碳酸盐熔体。含碳的熔流体是岩石圈地幔中碳迁移的重要形式,也是地球深源碳向地表释放的直接载体。碳酸盐熔体与碳酸盐化硅酸盐熔体在地幔中迁移、上侵过程中可能与橄榄岩发生反应,熔体分解并释放出CO₂。在地壳阶段,除了火山作用导致的脱气外,含碳熔体在上侵的过程中,减压导致熔体中CO₂溶解度降低,或者熔体与地壳岩石之间的脱碳反应也是CO₂释放的重要途径。地表碳可以随板块俯冲等作用进入地球深部,该过程与深源碳释放构成的深部碳循环过程是影响地球历史大气中碳含量与气候变化的重要因素。在现代冷板块俯冲过程中,碳释放的主要形式是俯冲板片释放的流体对板片中碳的溶解和迁移,大部分的俯冲碳能够进入地球深度。深部脱碳过程的复杂性使当前对地史时期深部碳释放的途径与对应的通量仍有争议,对不同脱碳作用的综合研究是进一步厘清地史时期碳释放的重要依据。因此,本文系统地总结了深部碳循环过程中不同脱碳作用与其识别标志,并以华北克拉通东缘中生代脱碳过程为例,探讨了深源碳释放对于古环境变化的指示意义。

关键词: 脱碳, 地球深部, 地幔去气, 地壳去气, 俯冲带脱碳

Abstract:

The Earth’s deep interior is a massive carbon reservoir, containing more than 98% of the Earth’s carbon. In the uppermost mantle, carbon primarily exists as carbonates and CO₂. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, they can lower the solidus of mantle rocks, participating in mantle melting processes and forming carbon-bearing silicate or carbonate melts. Carbon-bearing melts are an important form of carbon migration in the lithospheric mantle and are the direct carrier of deep-sourced carbon release to the surface. During the migration and upwelling of carbonate melts and carbonated silicate melts in the mantle, they may react with olivine, causing melt decomposition and releasing CO₂. In the crustal stage, in addition to degassing caused by volcanic activity, during the upwelling of carbon-bearing melts, pressure reduction leads to a decrease in the solubility of CO₂ in the melt, or decarbonation reactions between the melt and crustal rocks are also important pathways for CO₂ release. Surface carbon can enter the Earth’s deep interior through plate subduction and other processes. This process, together with the release of deep-sourced carbon, constitutes a deep carbon cycle that significantly influences the carbon content in the Earth’s historical atmosphere and climate change. In modern cold plate subduction, the main form of carbon release is the dissolution and migration of carbon in the slab by fluids released from the subducting slab, and most of the subducted carbon can enter the deep Earth. The complexity of deep decarbonation processes makes the pathways and corresponding fluxes of deep carbon release during geological history still controversial. Comprehensive research on different decarbonation processes is an important basis for further clarifying carbon release during geological history. Therefore, this paper systematically summarizes the different decarbonation processes and their identification markers in the deep carbon cycle, and takes the Mesozoic decarbonation process in the eastern margin of the North China Craton as an example to discuss the significance of deep-sourced carbon release for paleoenvironmental changes.

Key words: decarbonation, Earth’s deep interior, mantle degassing, crustal degassing, subduction zone decarbonation

中图分类号:

P542.5
P595

李卓骐, 许成, 韦春婉. 地球深部脱碳过程研究评述[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(6): 304-319.

LI Zhuoqi, XU Cheng, WEI Chunwan. Outgassing processes of carbon in deep Earth: A review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 304-319.

图/表 4

图1 地球深部碳释放过程示意图

Fig.1 Schematic Diagram of Carbon Release Processes in the Deep Earth

图2 含CO2橄榄岩体系的基本相图以及压力、熔体成分对熔体中CO2溶解度的影响 (据文献[28-29]修改) a—含CO2橄榄岩体系的相图和不同温度压力条件下可能的熔融产物;b—压力对熔体中CO2溶解度的影响;c—熔体成分(横坐标)与压力(图中数字,GPa)对熔体中CO2溶解度的影响。

Fig.2 Phase diagram of CO2-bearing olivine systems and the effects of pressure and melt composition on the solubility of CO2 in the melt. Modified after [28-29].

图3 碳酸盐熔体交代地幔方辉橄榄岩示意图 (据文献[15]修改)

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of carbonate melt in the mantle peridotite. Modified after [15].

图4 地壳阶段碳酸盐熔体、硅酸盐熔体与地壳物质交代去气作用的野外(a,b)、实验(c,d)与显微典型结构(e,f)的照片 a,c,e—碳酸盐熔体与硅酸盐地壳交代反应产物;b,d,f—中基性熔体与沉积碳酸盐反应产物。a—Ihouhaouene碳酸岩与正长岩捕虏体反应形成单斜辉石反应边(据文献[83]);b—Merapi火山中岩浆与围岩反应形成的钙质硅酸盐捕虏体,碳酸盐岩原岩部分保留在核部(据文献[85]);c—碳酸盐与硅酸盐反应高温高压实验产物(据文献[82]);d—硅酸盐与碳酸盐反应高温高压实验产物,碳酸盐相中方解石和白云石的比例分别为64%和36%(据文献[87]);e— Kaiserstuhl碳酸岩的单偏光镜下照片(据文献[84]); f— Merapi火山钙质硅酸盐捕虏体中的反应关系(据文献[86])。Ap—磷灰石,Bi—黑云母,Cc—方解石,Cln—绿脆云母,Cpx—单斜辉石,Di—透辉石,Hd—钙铁辉石,Spl—尖晶石,Qz—石英,Wo—硅灰石。 (据文献[82⇓⇓⇓⇓-87]修改)

Fig.4 Photos of the gas-exchange processes between carbonate melts, silicate melts, and crustal materials during the crustal stage in the field (a,b), experiments (c,d), and typical microstructures (e,f) (modified from references [82⇓⇓⇓⇓-87]).

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