南羌塘印支期增生造山带组成、结构及演化

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.1.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

造山带可分为增生型、碰撞型和板内型3种类型。增生型造山带由于能最大程度保存大洋俯冲过程中的地质信息,对反演古洋盆的俯冲碰撞历史具有重要意义。因此,识别增生型造山带所包含的海沟、增生杂岩、弧前盆地、岩浆弧和弧后盆地等古俯冲带基本单元,是阐明其大地构造意义的关键。其中,增生杂岩作为大洋俯冲增生的主体产物,其内部物质组成、平面和垂向结构,以及所记录的构造变形变质历史等信息,可直接揭示汇聚过程中的动力学演化和增生造山历史。南羌塘增生杂岩是近年来在西藏中部新识别出的地质单元,是解答古特提斯洋形成演化、羌塘中央隆起的成因等科学问题的重要载体,具有重要的资源和能源意义。然而,该套杂岩在大地构造属性、动力学过程、精细的俯冲带结构以及深部地质过程等方面仍存在大量未解决的问题。本文因此开展古俯冲带识别、增生杂岩物质和结构精细研究以及高压变质岩折返机制探讨等研究,以期阐明南羌塘增生杂岩的组成、结构及地质演化,为研究资源、能源成矿背景及勘查布局提供理论基础。本文研究发现,羌塘地体中部保留着相对完整的沟-弧-盆体系,包含陆缘弧、弧前盆地、海沟斜坡盆地、含高压变质岩增生杂岩等构造单元,证实了羌塘中部古俯冲带的存在。造山带结构解剖研究表明:南羌塘增生造山带平面上呈现为不同尺度的“糜棱结构”,体现了板块俯冲过程中广泛而强烈的韧性剪切流变作用;垂向上则具有明显的双层结构,上层为南羌塘地体的史密斯地层变形而成的褶皱-冲断带,下层由多期变形的非史密斯地层组成,体现了造山过程中陆缘俯冲的重要作用。此外,带内高压变质岩变质演化具有明显的差异性,折返机制复杂、多样,体现了俯冲带复杂的深部作用过程。综上,根据目前研究资料,南羌塘增生造山带是晚泥盆世—早石炭世扩张的龙木错-双湖古特提斯洋盆在二叠纪—早三叠世俯冲增生的产物,并于中—晚三叠世随着南北羌塘陆陆碰撞而定型。

关键词: 增生杂岩, 俯冲带, 古特提斯洋, 南羌塘

Abstract:

Orogenic belts can be divided into three types: accretionary, collisional and intraplate-type. Accretionary orogenic belts are of great significance for understanding the subduction and closure history of the ancient oceanic basin, as they can preserve the most geological information during oceanic subduction. Whereas to clarify the tectonic significance of accretionary orogens, it is critical to identify the basic units of the ancient subduction zone, which include trenches, accretionary complexes, forearc basins, magmatic arcs, and back-arc basins, where information on the accretionary complexes, the main product of oceanic subduction, such as their composition and structure as well as their recorded structural deformation and metamorphic history, can directly reveal the dynamic evolutionary process and accretionary orogenesis during plate convergence. The South Qiangtang accretionary complex is a recently identified geological unit of central Tibet. It has the potential to answer such scientific questions as the formation and evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean and the origin of the Central Qiangtang uplift, which is of importance for resource and energy exploration. However, there are many unknowns about the South Qiangtang accretionary complex, including its tectonic attribute, dynamic process, subduction zone structure, and deep geological process. In this paper, we aim to clarify the composition, structure, and geological evolution of the South Qiangtang accretionary complex through detailed studies on the ancient-subduction-zone identification, composition and structure of accretionary complexes, and exhumation mechanism of high-pressure metamorphic rocks, in order to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the regional metallogenic evolution and carbon mineralization pathway and guiding resources prospecting. In the central Qiangtang, we identified a relatively complete trench-arc-basin system consisting of continental margin arc, fore-arc basin, trench slope basin, and high-pressure metamorphic rock-bearing accretionary complex, evidencing an ancient subduction zone. On the plane, the South Qiangtang accretionary orogenic belt presents “mylonitic structures” at different scales, reflecting the extensive and strong ductile shear rheology during plate subduction; vertically, it exhibits an obvious double-layer structure, where the upper layer is a fold-thrust belt formed from deformation of the South Qiangtang terrane, while the lower layer comprises multi-stage deformations, reflecting the important role of subduction-at-continental-margin in the orogenic process. In addition, differential metamorphic evolution of high-pressure metamorphic rocks is obvious across the orogenic belt, and the exhumation mechanism is complex and diverse, reflecting the complex deep process of the subduction zone. Therefore, according to our research and previous data, the South Qiangtang accretionary orogenic belt is the product of Permian-Early Triassic subduction and accretion of the Longmu Co-Shuanghu Paleo-Tethys Ocean that expanded during the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous period, and formed in the Middle-Late Triassic during the collision of the North and South Qiangtang terranes.

Key words: accretionary complex, subduction zone, Paleo-Tethys Ocean, South Qiangtang

中图分类号:

P542

王根厚, 李典, 梁晓. 南羌塘印支期增生造山带组成、结构及演化[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(3): 242-261.

WANG Genhou, LI Dian, LIANG Xiao. Structure, composition and evolution of the Indosinian South Qiantang accretionary complex[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 242-261.

图/表 10

图1 西藏南羌塘西段区域地质简图

Fig.1 Regional geological map of the western segment of South Qiangtang, Tibetan Plateau

图2 南羌塘增生杂岩廊带式地质图

Fig.2 Geological map of the study area showing the main features of the Indosinian South Qiangtang accretionary complex

图3 北羌塘热觉茶卡地区上二叠统—中三叠统地质图

Fig.3 Geological map of the Upper Permian-Middle Triassic in Raggyorcaka region, North Qiangtang

图4 蓝岭地区对称分布的高压变质岩

Fig.4 Symmetrical distribution of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Lanling area

图5 南羌塘增生杂岩构造变形历史图

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the deformation history of the South Qiangtang accretionary complex

图6 玛依岗日地区海沟斜坡盆地地质图图中深红色代表硅质岩,用Si表示。

Fig.6 Geological map of trench-slope basins in Mayer Kangri

图7 南羌塘海沟斜坡盆地-弧前盆地示意图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of the trench-slope and forearc basins in South Qiangtang

图8 日土地区石炭系—二叠系褶皱-冲断变形

Fig.8 Fold and thrust deformations of Carboniferous-Permian strata of the Rutog area

图9 拉雄错地区拆离断层露头

Fig.9 Outcrops of the detachment fault of the Laxiongcuo area

图10 南羌塘增生杂岩构造演化模式图

Fig.10 A schematic model of the tectonic evolution of the South Qiangtang accretionary complex

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