青藏高原典型时段火山活动碳释放规模及其环境意义

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.3.41

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 火山活动等地球深部过程对气候环境的影响是全球变化研究领域的重要议题。新生代青藏高原隆升伴随着多期火山活动和深部碳释放,并且这一时期大气CO₂浓度发生阶段性变化,亚洲气候环境格局由行星风系主控转向季风主控。然而,青藏高原火山活动与气候环境变化之间的内在联系尚不明确,原因在于缺乏火山活动深部碳释放规模的直接约束。本文聚焦青藏高原碰撞后火山活动,以拉萨地块查孜、米巴勒地区的中新世火山岩和羌塘地块依布茶卡、俄久买马、鱼鳞山地区的渐新世火山岩为研究对象,利用激光原位拉曼光谱测定了火山岩斑晶的熔体包裹体CO₂浓度,进而结合火山岩体积和年龄等参数,估算了拉萨地块中新世火山活动和羌塘地块渐新世火山活动的CO₂释放通量。结果表明,拉萨地块和羌塘地块火山岩CO₂平均浓度分别为(1.73±0.59)%和(0.46±0.07)%,由此计算得到的拉萨地块中新世火山活动和羌塘地块渐新世火山活动CO₂释放通量分别为(0.252±0.091) Pg·a^-1和(0.012±0.002) Pg·a^-1。羌塘地块较低的渐新世火山CO₂释放通量与同时期大气CO₂浓度快速下降特征一致;拉萨地块较高的中新世火山CO₂释放通量可能对中中新世气候适宜期的大气CO₂浓度峰值有一定贡献。青藏高原火山活动深部碳释放通量与大气CO₂浓度的近似同步变化特征表明,印度-亚洲大陆碰撞和俯冲导致的火山活动是新生代大气碳收支的重要影响因素。

关键词: 火山活动, CO₂释放通量, 青藏高原, 熔体包裹体

Abstract:

Volcanic activity and deep earth processes significantly influence climatic and environmental changes, making them a critical topic in global change research. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic was accompanied by multiple phases of volcanic activity and deep carbon release, while atmospheric CO₂ concentrations underwent periodic changes. During this period, the Asian climate shifted from being predominantly controlled by planetary wind systems to a monsoon-dominated regime. However, whether there is an intrinsic connection between volcanic activity on the Tibetan Plateau and climatic-environmental changes remains unclear due to the lack of direct constraints on the output of deep carbon release from volcanic activity. This study focuses on post-collisional volcanic activity on the Tibetan Plateau, analyzing Miocene volcanic rocks from the Chazi and Mibale areas of the Lhasa block and Oligocene volcanic rocks from the Yibuchaka, Ejumaima, and Yulishan areas of the Qiangtang block. Using laser in-situ Raman spectroscopy, the CO₂ concentrations in melt inclusions within phenocrysts of these volcanic rocks were determined. Combined with parameters such as volcanic rock volume and age, we estimated the CO₂ output from volcanic activity in the Lhasa block and Qiangtang block. The results show that the average CO₂ concentrations in volcanic rocks from the Lhasa block and Qiangtang block are approximately (1.73±0.59)% and (0.46±0.07)%, respectively. Based on volcanic rock volumes, the estimated CO₂ flux from volcanic activity in the Lhasa block and Qiangtang block is (0.252±0.091) Pg·a^-1 and (0.012±0.002) Pg·a^-1, respectively. The lower CO₂ flux from Oligocene volcanic activity in the Qiangtang block is consistent with the rapid decline in atmospheric CO₂ concentration during this period, while the higher CO₂ flux from Miocene volcanic activity in the Lhasa block may have contributed to the peak in atmospheric CO₂ concentration during the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum. The approximate synchronous variation between deep carbon outflux from volcanic activity on the Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric CO₂ concentration suggests that volcanic activity induced by the India-Asia continental collision and subduction was a key factor influencing the Cenozoic atmospheric carbon budget.

Key words: volcanic activity, CO₂ emission, Tibetan Plateau, melt inclusion

中图分类号:

P317
X142

谢显刚, 赵文斌, 张茂亮, 郭正府, 徐胜. 青藏高原典型时段火山活动碳释放规模及其环境意义[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(3): 350-361.

XIE Xiangang, ZHAO Wenbin, ZHANG Maoliang, GUO Zhengfu, XU Sheng. Carbon output fluxes of volcanic activity during typical geological periods on the Tibetan Plateau and related environmental implications[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(3): 350-361.

图/表 7

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火山岩区	样品编号	斑晶	ν^-/(cm^-1)	ν⁺/(cm^-1)	Δx/ (cm^-1)	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_MI/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	45.9	240.6	194.7
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	28.3	207.6	179.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-3	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.20	9.2	88.5	79.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-4	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.6	103.3	0.17	4.1	47.5	43.5
	CHZ1303-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.5	1 386.2	103.7	0.30	930.1	1 284.1	354.0
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	97.9	647.3	549.4
	CHZ1301-1-1-2	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.3	103.4	0.19	118.7	216.1	97.4
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.12	12 361.2	50 637.6	38 276.4
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.19	474.4	2 080.5	1 606.1
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.8	103.4	0.19	48.7	326.6	277.9
	CHZ1307-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	241.6	510.8	269.2
	CHZ1307-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	341.0	2 978.1	2 637.1
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.11	710.3	5 133.3	4 423.0
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.6	103.2	0.14	61.6	641.2	579.5
	MBL1908-2-1-1	辉石	1 284.1	1 387.1	103.0	0.05	895.5	3 521.8	2 626.3
	MBL1908-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.8	103.1	0.09	1 434.9	25 828.6	24 393.7
	MBL1908-2-2-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.5	103.1	0.10	1 653.4	3 290.2	1 636.8
	MBL1908-2-2-3	辉石	1 283.6	1 386.8	103.2	0.13	1 334.1	17 619.3	16 285.1
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.4	103.6	0.28	1156.7	31 103.7	29 947.0
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	25.9	445.1	419.2
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.7	103.5	0.23	103.9	2 293.6	2 189.7
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	141.1	1 637.3	1 496.2
	YBCK1302-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.11	743.6	5 605.6	4 862.0
	YBCK1302-3-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	107.0	736.9	629.9
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	360.3	4 481.7	4 121.4
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.1	1 386.6	103.5	0.21	111.5	2 279.3	2 167.9
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.23	147.5	3 851.5	3 704.0
	YBCK1313-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.5	0.23	53.9	3 112.0	3 058.2
	YBCK1313-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.24	11.5	404.1	392.6
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.6	103.6	0.27	27.8	587.1	559.3
	EJU1303-1-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	17.2	241.1	223.8
	EJU1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.22	33.5	1 031.8	998.3
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.09	2 080.1	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-2-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.3	103.0	0.02	312.0	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-3-1	辉石	1 283.8	1 386.8	103.1	0.06	426.5	864.1	437.6
	YLS30-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.3	0.17	181.0	0.0	0.0

火山岩区	样品编号	斑晶	ν^-/(cm^-1)	ν⁺/(cm^-1)	Δx/ (cm^-1)	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_MI/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	45.9	240.6	194.7
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	28.3	207.6	179.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-3	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.20	9.2	88.5	79.3
	CHZ1303-2-1-4	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.6	103.3	0.17	4.1	47.5	43.5
	CHZ1303-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.5	1 386.2	103.7	0.30	930.1	1 284.1	354.0
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.4	0.21	97.9	647.3	549.4
	CHZ1301-1-1-2	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.3	103.4	0.19	118.7	216.1	97.4
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.12	12 361.2	50 637.6	38 276.4
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.19	474.4	2 080.5	1 606.1
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.8	103.4	0.19	48.7	326.6	277.9
	CHZ1307-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	241.6	510.8	269.2
	CHZ1307-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.24	341.0	2 978.1	2 637.1
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.11	710.3	5 133.3	4 423.0
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.6	103.2	0.14	61.6	641.2	579.5
	MBL1908-2-1-1	辉石	1 284.1	1 387.1	103.0	0.05	895.5	3 521.8	2 626.3
	MBL1908-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.8	103.1	0.09	1 434.9	25 828.6	24 393.7
	MBL1908-2-2-2	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.5	103.1	0.10	1 653.4	3 290.2	1 636.8
	MBL1908-2-2-3	辉石	1 283.6	1 386.8	103.2	0.13	1 334.1	17 619.3	16 285.1
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.4	103.6	0.28	1156.7	31 103.7	29 947.0
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	25.9	445.1	419.2
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	辉石	1 283.2	1 386.7	103.5	0.23	103.9	2 293.6	2 189.7
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.3	1 386.7	103.4	0.18	141.1	1 637.3	1 496.2
	YBCK1302-2-2-1	辉石	1 283.7	1 386.9	103.2	0.11	743.6	5 605.6	4 862.0
	YBCK1302-3-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.22	107.0	736.9	629.9
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	360.3	4 481.7	4 121.4
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.1	1 386.6	103.5	0.21	111.5	2 279.3	2 167.9
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.5	103.5	0.23	147.5	3 851.5	3 704.0
	YBCK1313-3-1-1	辉石	1 282.9	1 386.4	103.5	0.23	53.9	3 112.0	3 058.2
	YBCK1313-3-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.24	11.5	404.1	392.6
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	辉石	1 283.0	1 386.6	103.6	0.27	27.8	587.1	559.3
	EJU1303-1-2-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.2	103.4	0.21	17.2	241.1	223.8
	EJU1303-2-1-1	辉石	1 282.8	1 386.3	103.5	0.22	33.5	1 031.8	998.3
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-1-1	辉石	1 284.2	1 387.3	103.1	0.09	2 080.1	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-2-1	辉石	1 284.4	1 387.3	103.0	0.02	312.0	0.0	0.0
	YLS30-1-3-1	辉石	1 283.8	1 386.8	103.1	0.06	426.5	864.1	437.6
	YLS30-2-1-1	辉石	1 283.4	1 386.7	103.3	0.17	181.0	0.0	0.0

火山岩区	样品编号	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)^*	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)	w(CO₂)/ 10^-6	w(CO₂)/ %
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	0.24	45.9	194.7	20 432.6	2.04
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	0.21	28.3	179.3	12 188.0	1.22
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	0.21	97.9	549.4	13 780.6	1.38
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	0.12	12 361.2	38 276.4	14 058.3	1.41
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	0.19	474.4	1 606.1	19 767.6	1.98
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	0.19	48.7	277.9	11 841.0	1.18
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	0.11	710.3	4 423.0	6 474.3	0.65
平均值						1.41
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	0.14	61.6	579.5	5 544.3	0.55
	MBL1908-2-2-1	0.09	1 434.9	24 393.7	2 028.4	0.20
	MBL1908-2-2-3	0.13	1 334.1	16 285.1	3 953.4	0.40
平均值						0.38
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	0.28	1 156.7	29 947.0	3 886.4	0.39
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	0.22	25.9	419.2	4 965.7	0.50
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	0.23	103.9	2 189.7	3 905.7	0.39
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	0.18	141.1	1 496.2	6 349.3	0.63
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	0.21	360.3	4 121.4	6 622.5	0.66
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	0.21	111.5	2 167.9	4 031.8	0.40
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	0.23	147.5	3 704.0	3 399.8	0.34
平均值						0.47
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	0.27	27.8	559.3	4 819.1	0.48
	EJU1303-1-2-1	0.21	17.2	223.8	5 789.2	0.58
	EJU1303-2-1-1	0.22	33.5	998.3	2 674.7	0.27
平均值						0.44
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-3-1	0.06	426.5	437.6	21 959.7	2.20

火山岩区	样品编号	ρCO₂/ (g·cm^-3)^*	V_vap/ (μm^-3)	V_melt/ (μm^-3)	w(CO₂)/ 10^-6	w(CO₂)/ %
查孜	CHZ1303-2-1-1	0.24	45.9	194.7	20 432.6	2.04
	CHZ1303-2-1-2	0.21	28.3	179.3	12 188.0	1.22
	CHZ1301-1-1-1	0.21	97.9	549.4	13 780.6	1.38
	CHZ1306-1-1-1	0.12	12 361.2	38 276.4	14 058.3	1.41
	CHZ1307-1-1-1	0.19	474.4	1 606.1	19 767.6	1.98
	CHZ1307-1-1-2	0.19	48.7	277.9	11 841.0	1.18
	CHZ1307-2-1-2	0.11	710.3	4 423.0	6 474.3	0.65
平均值						1.41
米巴勒	MBL1904-1-1-1	0.14	61.6	579.5	5 544.3	0.55
	MBL1908-2-2-1	0.09	1 434.9	24 393.7	2 028.4	0.20
	MBL1908-2-2-3	0.13	1 334.1	16 285.1	3 953.4	0.40
平均值						0.38
依布茶卡	YBCK1302-1-1-1	0.28	1 156.7	29 947.0	3 886.4	0.39
	YBCK1302-1-1-2	0.22	25.9	419.2	4 965.7	0.50
	YBCK1302-1-2-1	0.23	103.9	2 189.7	3 905.7	0.39
	YBCK1302-2-1-1	0.18	141.1	1 496.2	6 349.3	0.63
	YBCK1302-3-2-1	0.21	360.3	4 121.4	6 622.5	0.66
	YBCK1313-1-1-1	0.21	111.5	2 167.9	4 031.8	0.40
	YBCK1313-2-1-1	0.23	147.5	3 704.0	3 399.8	0.34
平均值						0.47
俄久买马	EJU1303-1-1-1	0.27	27.8	559.3	4 819.1	0.48
	EJU1303-1-2-1	0.21	17.2	223.8	5 789.2	0.58
	EJU1303-2-1-1	0.22	33.5	998.3	2 674.7	0.27
平均值						0.44
鱼鳞山	YLS30-1-3-1	0.06	426.5	437.6	21 959.7	2.20

所属地块	火山岩区	纬度 °N	经度 °E	面积/ km²	厚度/ m	体积/ km³	年龄/ Ma	火山岩类型	数据来源
拉萨地块	狮泉河	32.5	80.2	>20	n.d.	n.d.	24.0~21.2	富钾	[36]
	查加寺	32.05	81.26	>100	n.d.	n.d.	24.0~23.9	富钾	[37]
	革吉	32.2	81.25	200	>2 000	400	25.4~23.3	富钾	[38]
	米巴勒^*	30.8	86.6	20	883	17.66	24.0~21.2	富钾	-
	孔隆乡	30.1	86	81	n.d.	n.d.	21.4~21.3	富钾	[39]
	雄巴	32	81.9	>600	190~310	120	24.1~18.1	富钾	[40]
	学那	31.5	82.35	<1	n.d.	n.d.	18.5~15.5	富钾	[41]
	赛利普^*	31.35	82.75	188	1~100	9.4	18.5~15.5	富钾	-
	布嘎寺^*	31.5	84.4	>400	>300	120	16.2~15.6	富钾	-
	麦嘎	30.82	84.43	1	100	0.1	17.4~16.1	富钾	[42]
	文部	31.1	86.5	<1	n.d.	n.d.	22.9~17.8	富钾	[43]
	亚仟	30.97	86.44	48	n.d.	n.d.	14.2~13.4	富钾	[42]
	仪仟	30.75	86.7	10	n.d.	n.d.	13.5~11.2	富钾	[42]
	查孜^*	30	86.5	300	517~883	150	13.3~8.2	富钾	-
	Pabbai Zong	29.32	87	<1	n.d.	n.d.	18.3~13.3	富钾	[44]
	南木林	29.4	89.4	>10	n.d.	n.d.	15.3~10.9	富钾	[45]
	麻江	29.7	89.9	0.04	>80	0.003 2	15.8~10.1	富钾	[27]
	羊应	29.6	90.3	10	800	8	11.4~10.3	富钾	[46]
羌塘地块	松西	34.41	80.28	n.d.	674	n.d.	36.7~32.7	富钠	[47]
	走沟茶错	33.12	85.11	120	n.d.	n.d.	34.8~30.5	富钠	[24]
	那丁错	32.61	85.4	700	n.d.	n.d.	36.2~34.2	富钠	[48]
	依布茶卡	32.98	86.65	3	>20	0.06	30.4~27.3	富钠	[49]
	俄久买马^*	32.22	86.81	15	>300	4.5	34.3~34.2	富钠	-
	峰火山	34.97	92.6	10	70	0.7	27.8~27.5	富钾	[50]
	类乌齐	31.38	96.54	0.4	2	0.000 8	30.54	富钾	[51]
	鱼鳞山	33.85	83.37	150	>65	9.75	29.3~27.8	富钾	[52]
	戈木错	33.99	85.5	40	200	8	30.6~29.8	富钠	[53]
	巴毛琼宗	34.77	87.18	300	50~300	15	33.9~24.4	富钠	[54]