青藏高原周缘始新世—渐新世气候转换期风化演变及其对全球及区域气候环境变化的响应

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.3.23

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 始新世—渐新世的气候转型(Eocene-Oligocene Transition,EOT)是新生代时期最为显著的全球降温事件之一,标志着地球气候系统从“温室”向“冷室”模式的关键转变。虽然深海沉积物较为一致地记录了这一降温事件,但众多陆相沉积记录却显示不同区域的气候响应呈现出显著的空间差异,凸显了全球气候背景与区域环境相互作用的重要性。青藏高原隆升显著影响全球大陆风化的格局,与新生代全球气候变化有密切关系,因而高原周缘的大陆风化演变是反映全球与区域气候变化的良好指示。本文汇总了晚始新世—渐新世青藏高原周缘大陆风化的演变记录,结合我们在青藏高原东南缘吕合盆地35~26 Ma期间的风化历史,探索这一时期青藏高原周缘风化演变的共同性和差异性。结果显示:青藏高原北部大部分区域自晚始新世起的风化强度便开始下降并延续至渐新世,与降温和干旱化过程相耦合;而东南缘则表现为多阶段的温度波动及持续湿润的气候特征。这种区域性差异主要由全球降温、构造隆升和季风系统演化的共同调控驱动。本研究为理解青藏高原不同区域在EOT期间的风化模式及其驱动机制提供了重要线索。

关键词: 古气候, 始新世—渐新世气候转型期, 青藏高原, 全球变化因素, 区域因素

Abstract:

The Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT) represents one of the most significant global cooling events of the Cenozoic era, marking a key shift in the Earth’s climate system from a “greenhouse” to an “icehouse” mode. While deep-sea sediment records consistently document this cooling event, numerous terrestrial records reveal significant spatial variability in climate responses across different regions, highlighting the importance of the interaction between global climate background and regional environments. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has significantly influenced global continental weathering patterns and is closely linked to Cenozoic global climate changes. Therefore, the evolution of continental weathering around the plateau provides an excellent indicator of both global and regional climate changes. This paper summarizes the weathering evolution records from the margins of the Tibetan Plateau during the Late Eocene to Oligocene, combining our weathering history from the Lühe Basin (35.5-25.5 Ma) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, to explore the commonalities and differences in weathering evolution during this period. The results show that in most regions of the northern Tibetan Plateau, weathering intensity decreased from the Late Eocene, coupled with cooling and aridification processes, while at the southeastern margin exhibited multi-stage temperature fluctuations and a sustained humid climate. This regional difference is mainly driven by the combined effects of global cooling, tectonic uplift, and the evolution of the monsoon system. This study provides crucial insights into the weathering patterns and driving mechanisms of different regions of the Tibetan Plateau during the EOT.

Key words: paleoclimate, Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), Tibetan Plateau, global driving factors, regional factors

中图分类号:

P534.61
P532

崔灏, 韦刚健. 青藏高原周缘始新世—渐新世气候转换期风化演变及其对全球及区域气候环境变化的响应[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(3): 274-287.

CUI Hao, WEI Gangjian. The weathering evolution during the Eocene-Oligocene Transition in the surrounding regions of the Tibetan Plateau and its response to global and regional climate changes[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(3): 274-287.

图/表 5

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年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	全岩矿物质量分数/%
年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	石英	斜长石	钾长石	高岭石	云母	蒙脱石	绿泥石	白云石	方解石	方石英	菱铁矿	赤铁矿
—	0.0	10.3	10.1	46.8	12.7	10.3	5.6	—	—	—	4.2	—	—
—	7.0	6.3	0.2	29.6	3.2	12.5	42.5	—	—	—	5.7	—	—
34.935 09	22.5	32.0	10.3	19.2	11.3	17.4	9.7	—	—	—	—	—	0.1
34.923 18	23.0	23.8	—	13.2	10.2	13.5	—	—	37.6	—	—	1.7	—
34.899 36	24.5	21.7	4.0	29.3	19.2	19.2	6.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.792 15	28.5	16.7	—	9.7	11.8	17.8	—	—	40.6	—	—	—	3.4
34.637 30	35.0	26.2	6.9	20.9	17.8	22.6	5.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.577 74	37.5	34.0	7.5	13.5	14.9	23.1	—	3.7	—	—	—	3.9	—
34.345 29	47.5	27.8	8.1	14.7	18.0	15.7	15.7	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.781 10	71.0	21.3	4.1	27.7	10.3	9.4	27.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.535 64	81.0	21.9	12.1	24.4	7.9	18.0	13.5	—	—	—	2.2	—	—
33.196 27	95.0	38.5	18.8	11.1	6.6	13.9	11.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.874 65	108.5	32.7	7.1	11.4	12.0	17.9	18.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.838 91	110.0	30.5	12.2	13.5	7.0	15.9	19.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.695 97	116.0	39.6	13.8	15.5	9.4	15.4	6.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.124 94	139.0	5.3	5.3	7.7	1.7	4.8	33.4	—	35.7	6.1	—	—	—
31.654 30	158.5	26.0	6.9	21.6	11.5	16.7	17.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
31.024 86	187.0	15.1	5.0	15.9	5.1	12.6	46.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
30.886 00	193.0	22.4	8.4	16.9	12.4	15.6	18.2	—	—	—	1.4	4.3	0.4
30.032 23	219.5	28.3	5.7	17.8	10.8	22.3	13.5	—	—	—	1.6		—
29.497 44	243.5	22.7	9.6	23.5	6.6	12.8	12.9	—	—	—	2.5	9.4	—
29.106 47	260.0	27.0	5.4	11.8	13.9	21.0	19.1	—	—	—	1.8		—
28.160 48	299.0	23.4	10.8	13.8	17.1	18.1	13.7	—	—	—	—	3.1	—
27.766 42	317.0	46.8	5.6	11.1	8.9	10.7	16.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
27.208 73	339.5	29.7	8.7	15.4	12.0	20.4	13.8	—	—	—	—	—	—
26.587 60	361.0	30.1	8.0	11.7	11.9	19.7	16.6	—	—	—	1.5	—	0.5
26.049 62	381.5	34.7	9.4	10.5	9.4	19.4	14.6	—	—	—	1.8	—	0.2

年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	全岩矿物质量分数/%
年龄/ Ma	深度/ m	石英	斜长石	钾长石	高岭石	云母	蒙脱石	绿泥石	白云石	方解石	方石英	菱铁矿	赤铁矿
—	0.0	10.3	10.1	46.8	12.7	10.3	5.6	—	—	—	4.2	—	—
—	7.0	6.3	0.2	29.6	3.2	12.5	42.5	—	—	—	5.7	—	—
34.935 09	22.5	32.0	10.3	19.2	11.3	17.4	9.7	—	—	—	—	—	0.1
34.923 18	23.0	23.8	—	13.2	10.2	13.5	—	—	37.6	—	—	1.7	—
34.899 36	24.5	21.7	4.0	29.3	19.2	19.2	6.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.792 15	28.5	16.7	—	9.7	11.8	17.8	—	—	40.6	—	—	—	3.4
34.637 30	35.0	26.2	6.9	20.9	17.8	22.6	5.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
34.577 74	37.5	34.0	7.5	13.5	14.9	23.1	—	3.7	—	—	—	3.9	—
34.345 29	47.5	27.8	8.1	14.7	18.0	15.7	15.7	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.781 10	71.0	21.3	4.1	27.7	10.3	9.4	27.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
33.535 64	81.0	21.9	12.1	24.4	7.9	18.0	13.5	—	—	—	2.2	—	—
33.196 27	95.0	38.5	18.8	11.1	6.6	13.9	11.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.874 65	108.5	32.7	7.1	11.4	12.0	17.9	18.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.838 91	110.0	30.5	12.2	13.5	7.0	15.9	19.1	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.695 97	116.0	39.6	13.8	15.5	9.4	15.4	6.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
32.124 94	139.0	5.3	5.3	7.7	1.7	4.8	33.4	—	35.7	6.1	—	—	—
31.654 30	158.5	26.0	6.9	21.6	11.5	16.7	17.3	—	—	—	—	—	—
31.024 86	187.0	15.1	5.0	15.9	5.1	12.6	46.2	—	—	—	—	—	—
30.886 00	193.0	22.4	8.4	16.9	12.4	15.6	18.2	—	—	—	1.4	4.3	0.4
30.032 23	219.5	28.3	5.7	17.8	10.8	22.3	13.5	—	—	—	1.6		—
29.497 44	243.5	22.7	9.6	23.5	6.6	12.8	12.9	—	—	—	2.5	9.4	—
29.106 47	260.0	27.0	5.4	11.8	13.9	21.0	19.1	—	—	—	1.8		—
28.160 48	299.0	23.4	10.8	13.8	17.1	18.1	13.7	—	—	—	—	3.1	—
27.766 42	317.0	46.8	5.6	11.1	8.9	10.7	16.9	—	—	—	—	—	—
27.208 73	339.5	29.7	8.7	15.4	12.0	20.4	13.8	—	—	—	—	—	—
26.587 60	361.0	30.1	8.0	11.7	11.9	19.7	16.6	—	—	—	1.5	—	0.5
26.049 62	381.5	34.7	9.4	10.5	9.4	19.4	14.6	—	—	—	1.8	—	0.2

区域	地点	风化指标	年代范围	来源	其他古气候指标	来源
东北缘	兰州盆地	Na/Al,赤铁矿/针铁矿 CIA,K₂O/Al₂O₃	约35.25~31.20 Ma 约35.5~31.2 Ma	[56] [31]	沉积相	[57]
东北缘	西宁盆地	vogt残留指数	35~22 Ma	[58]	沉积相古植物孢粉	[59-60] [61]
北缘	柴达木盆地	黏土矿物特征	40.5~31.0 Ma	[62]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O	[63]
西北缘	准噶尔盆地	黏土矿物含量	35.8~33.3 Ma	[64]	古生物化石	[65⇓-67]
	塔里木盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[68-69]
	塔吉克盆地	WIP	28.39~30.19 Ma	[70]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O 沉积相	[70] [71]
中部	伦坡拉盆地	—	—	—	地貌学	[72]
东南缘	芒康盆地	—	—	—	古植物孢粉	[73-74]
	剑川盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[75]
	吕合盆地	CIA 黏土矿物含量	35.5~25.5 Ma 34.94~26.05 Ma	[37] 本研究	古植物孢粉	[83-84]

区域	地点	风化指标	年代范围	来源	其他古气候指标	来源
东北缘	兰州盆地	Na/Al,赤铁矿/针铁矿 CIA,K₂O/Al₂O₃	约35.25~31.20 Ma 约35.5~31.2 Ma	[56] [31]	沉积相	[57]
东北缘	西宁盆地	vogt残留指数	35~22 Ma	[58]	沉积相古植物孢粉	[59-60] [61]
北缘	柴达木盆地	黏土矿物特征	40.5~31.0 Ma	[62]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O	[63]
西北缘	准噶尔盆地	黏土矿物含量	35.8~33.3 Ma	[64]	古生物化石	[65⇓-67]
	塔里木盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[68-69]
	塔吉克盆地	WIP	28.39~30.19 Ma	[70]	湖泊碳酸盐δ¹⁸O 沉积相	[70] [71]
中部	伦坡拉盆地	—	—	—	地貌学	[72]
东南缘	芒康盆地	—	—	—	古植物孢粉	[73-74]
	剑川盆地	—	—	—	沉积相	[75]
	吕合盆地	CIA 黏土矿物含量	35.5~25.5 Ma 34.94~26.05 Ma	[37] 本研究	古植物孢粉	[83-84]