重建南海27 Ma以来高分辨率碳酸盐补偿深度

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.35

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 500-510.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.35

• 环境变化与生物圈层相互作用 • 上一篇下一篇

重建南海27 Ma以来高分辨率碳酸盐补偿深度

王家昊¹(), 胡修棉¹^,^*(), 蒋璟鑫¹, 马超², 马鹏飞³

1.南京大学地球科学与工程学院内生金属矿床成矿机制研究国家重点实验室, 江苏南京 210023
2.成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室, 四川成都 6 100059
3.同济大学海洋地质国家重点实验室, 上海 200092

收稿日期:2024-01-04 修回日期:2024-01-19 出版日期:2024-01-25 发布日期:2024-01-25
通讯作者: *胡修棉(1974—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事沉积大地构造、古环境方面的研究。E-mail: huxm@nju.edu.cn
作者简介:王家昊(1998—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事沉积学大数据、碳循环方面的研究。E-mail: mg21290017@smail.nju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42050102)

High-resolution reconstruction of carbonate compensation depth in the South China Sea since 27 Ma

WANG Jiahao¹(), HU Xiumian¹^,^*(), JIANG Jingxin¹, MA Chao², MA Pengfei³

1. State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Received:2024-01-04 Revised:2024-01-19 Online:2024-01-25 Published:2024-01-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新生代海洋碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)的重建长期受到学术界的广泛关注。本研究以南海14个站位20个钻孔的综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)物质数据与年龄-深度模型,恢复了对应钻孔的古水深,计算了碳酸盐累积速率(CAR),基于线性回归的方法,重建了南海27 Ma以来CCD变化。研究结果显示:南海在海盆拉张形成期(27~18 Ma)出现了CCD超过2 000 m大幅度的下降;在随后的中中新世气候适宜期(MMCO)期间,南海CCD出现800 m 变浅。8 Ma以来南海CCD演化和赤道太平洋的演化呈现了不同的演化趋势:前者在3 500~4 000 m范围内波动,后者则从4 000 m持续下降到4 500 m左右。27 Ma之前,广泛的陆源输入和上升洋流发育导致南海出现浅的CCD。27~18 Ma时期的构造拉张导致的海盆加深,同时上升洋流减弱,被解释为该时期CCD下降的主要因素。MMCO期间气候驱动下的海平面波动导致了碳酸盐沉积核心区域的变化,是造成CCD波动的重要原因。8 Ma以来南海和太平洋CCD的差异演化是太平洋底水与南海底水的交换不畅的结果。

关键词: 碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD), 中国南海, 碳循环, 边缘海

Abstract:

The reconstruction of carbonate compensation depth (CCD) in the Cenozoic Ocean has been a focus of attention from the academic community. In this paper, based on the IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) substances data and age-depth models from 20 boreholes at 14 sites in the South China Sea, the paleo-water depths in the boreholes were restored, the carbonate accumulation rate (CAR) was calculated, and CCD changes in the South China Sea since 27 Ma were reconstructed using linear regression method. Results showed that CCD in the South China Sea significantly decreased by more than 2000 m during the basin stretching period (27-18 Ma), while during Middle Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO) it became shallower by 800 m. Since 8 Ma, CCDs in the South China Sea and the equatorial Pacific Ocean exhibited different evolutionary trends, with the former fluctuating between 3500-4000 m and the latter continuing to decline from 4000 m to ~4500 m. Prior to 27 Ma, extensive terrigenous input and development of upwelling led to shallow CCD in the South China Sea. The deepening of the sea basin and the weakening of the upwelling caused by tectonic tension during 27-18 Ma were interpreted as the main factors contributing to the decline of CCD during this period. Climate-driven sea-level fluctuations during MMCO led to changes in the core region of carbonate deposition, which was an important reason for CCD fluctuations. The differential evolution of CCD in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean since 8 Ma was the result of poor bottom water exchange between the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea.

Key words: carbonate compensation depth (CCD), South China Sea, carbon cycle, marginal sea

中图分类号:

P736

王家昊, 胡修棉, 蒋璟鑫, 马超, 马鹏飞. 重建南海27 Ma以来高分辨率碳酸盐补偿深度[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(1): 500-510.

WANG Jiahao, HU Xiumian, JIANG Jingxin, MA Chao, MA Pengfei. High-resolution reconstruction of carbonate compensation depth in the South China Sea since 27 Ma[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 500-510.

图/表 5

图1 研究所采用的南海海域的综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)和大洋钻探计划(ODP)站位分布与南海洋流路径现代南海的表层、中层、深层洋流路径据文献[16]修改;白色路径为表层洋流,黄色路径为中层洋流,橙色路径为深层洋流;使用GMT6.0绘制并采用墨卡托投影。

Fig.1 Location and distribution of IODP and ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) sites in the study area and ocean current path in the modern South China Sea (Using GMT6.0 and Mercator projection). Current paths are modified from [16]. White: surface current; yellow: middle current; orange: deep current.

表1 27 Ma以来不同年代对应南海CCD计算结果及误差

Table 1 Calculation results on CCDs in the South China Sea of different ages since 27 Ma

年代区间	年代区间内的中心年代/Ma	CCD/m	误差(±)/m
0.5~1	0.75	4 154	263
>1~1.5	1.25	399	215
>1.5~2	1.75	4 046	229
>2~2.5	2.25	4 107	256
>2.5~3	2.75	3 806	152
>3~3.5	3.25	3 693	202
>3.5~4	3.75	3 844	211
>4~4.5	4.25	3 981	429
>4.5~5	4.75	3 111	146
>5~5.5	5.25	3 350	83
>5.5~6	5.75	4 052	204
>6~6.5	6.25	3 612	261
>6.5~7	6.75	3 703	291
>7~7.5	7.25	3 778	489
>7.5~8	7.75	4 127	269
>8~8.5	8.25	3 828	214
>8.5~9	8.75	3 824	158
>9~9.5	9.25	4 046	40
>9.5~10	9.75	3 930	131
>10~10.5	10.25	4 118	251
>10.5~11	10.75	3 688	321
>11~11.5	11.25	4 116	137
>11.5~12	11.75	3 913	49
>12~12.5	12.25	3 899	77
>12.5~13	12.75	4 013	36
>13~13.5	13.25	3 558	464
>13.5~14	13.75	3 584	282
>14~14.5	14.25	3 549	277
>14.5~15	14.75	3 557	763
>15~15.5	15.25	2 823	252
>15.5~16	15.75	3 585	130
>16~16.5	16.25	2 860	262
>16.5~17	16.75	3 547	169
>17~17.5	17.25	3 569	153
>17.5~18.5	18	3 355	293
>18.5~19.5	19	3 699	416
>19.5~20.5	20	3 269	467
>20.5~21.5	21	3 001	480
>21.5~22.5	22	3 073	535
>22.5~23.5	23	2 202	504
>23.5~24.5	24	1 925	378
>24.5~25.5	25	1 545	164
>25.5~26.5	26	1 477	130
>26.5~27.5	27	1 015	103

图2 南海CCD演化曲线与赤道太平洋CCD演化曲线黑色曲线:南海CCD演化曲线;灰色误差带捕捉了在回归分析时的不确定性;绿色曲线和红色曲线:赤道太平洋CCD演化曲线,分别引自文献[5]和[11];南海海盆持续扩张时期、中中新世气候适宜期(MMCO)、中中新世气候转折期(MMCT)和巴士海槛生长时期分别引自于文献[22,28⇓-30]。

Fig.2 Evolution of CCDs in the South China Sea (black curve) and the equatorial Pacific Ocean (green, red curves). Grey error band captures the uncertainty in regression analysis; green curve was adapted from [5], red curve from [11]. The continuous expansion periods of the South China Sea Basin, MMCO, MMCT and the growth period of the Bashi sill were adapted from [22,28⇓-30].

图3 南海CCD曲线与大洋钻探沉积物CaCO3质量分数、每克样品中钙质超微化石个数、Sc/Sr值、底栖有孔虫δ18O和δ13C值、南海相对海平面变化、CAR值以及浮游有孔虫碎片含量 U1501站位沉积物中CaCO3含量(质量分数)、每克样品中钙质超微化石个数、Sc/Sr值(引自文献[21]); 1148站位底栖有孔虫δ18O数据和δ13C数据以及世界大洋平均底栖有孔虫δ13C数据(来自文献[11,16,25,35,41]); 18.5 Ma以来南海相对海平面演化曲线(引自文献[42]); 1148站位沉积物中CaCO3含量(质量分数)、碳酸钙累积速率(CAR)、浮游有孔虫碎片含量(引自文献[30])。

Fig.3 Responses to CCD change in the South China Sea over the years. From top: CCD; CaCO3 (mass fraction); calcareous nannofossils abundance; Sc/Sr ratio (after [21]); δ18O (after [16]) and δ13C (after [34]) values of benthic foraminifera; relative sea-level (after [43]); CAR value; planktic foraminifera content in sediment

图4 30 Ma以来,构造、气候等因素控制下南海CCD的响应和演化模型示意图

Fig.4 Evolutionary stages of CCD in the South China Sea since 30 Ma under the control of structural and climatic factors

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重建南海27 Ma以来高分辨率碳酸盐补偿深度

High-resolution reconstruction of carbonate compensation depth in the South China Sea since 27 Ma

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