青藏高原流域岩石风化机制及其CO2消耗通量:以拉萨河为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.66

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 510-525.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.66

青藏高原流域岩石风化机制及其CO₂消耗通量:以拉萨河为例

谢银财¹^,²(), 于奭¹^,²^,^*(), 缪雄谊¹^,², 李军³, 何师意¹^,², 孙平安¹^,²

1.中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004
2.联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心/岩溶动力系统与全球变化国际联合研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
3.河北建筑工程学院河北省水质工程与水资源综合利用重点实验室, 河北张家口 075000

收稿日期:2022-09-06 修回日期:2022-10-31 出版日期:2023-09-25 发布日期:2023-10-20
通讯作者: 于奭
作者简介:谢银财(1986—),男,助理研究员,主要从事岩溶环境与全球变化研究工作。E-mail: xieyincai1216@163.com
基金资助:
广西自然科学基金项目(2021GXNSFBA220065);广西重点研发专项(桂科AB21196050(桂科AB21196050);国家自然科学基金项目(42177075);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20221808);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20230547)

Chemical weathering and its associated CO₂ consumption on the Tibetan Plateau: A case of the Lhasa River Basin

XIE Yincai¹^,²(), YU Shi¹^,²^,^*(), MIAO Xiongyi¹^,², LI Jun³, HE Shiyi¹^,², SUN Ping’an¹^,²

1. Ministry of Natureal and Resources & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
2. International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO/National Center for International Research on Karst Dynamic System and Global Change, Guilin 541004, China
3. Hebei Key Laboratory of Water Quality Engineering and Comprehensive Utilization of Water Resources, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, China

Received:2022-09-06 Revised:2022-10-31 Online:2023-09-25 Published:2023-10-20
Contact: YU Shi

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

摘要:为研究青藏高原流域岩石风化机制及其对CO₂消耗通量和气候变化的影响,于2019年11月至2020年10月对拉萨河流域控制断面进行一个完整水文年每月2次的监测和采样,结合水化学及δ¹³C_DIC和$\partial^{34}\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{SO}_4}$,探讨了流域水化学特征及其主要影响因素,基于化学计量平衡与正演模型方法定量计算了河流水体主要物质来源,并对流域岩石风化速率与大气CO₂消耗通量进行了估算。结果表明:拉萨河流域水体中Ca²⁺和HCO³_-为主要的阳离子和阴离子,水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型,大气输入、人为输入、硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化端员对河水阳离子的年平均贡献率分别为6%、4%、21%和70%;河水化学计量学、δ¹³C_DIC(-8.78‰~-1.35‰)和$\delta^{34} \mathrm{~S}_{\mathrm{SO}_{4}}$(-2.26‰~-1.10‰)变化均证明由煤系地层硫化物及矿床硫化物的氧化形成的硫酸(各占约50%)广泛参与了流域的化学侵蚀,硫酸对碳酸盐岩的风化作用旱季显著强于雨季。流域硅酸盐岩风化速率与大气CO₂消耗通量的年平均值分别为5.20 t·km^-2·a^-1和118×10³ mol·km^-2·a^-1;仅考虑碳酸风化作用时,流域碳酸盐岩风化速率与大气CO₂消耗通量分别为22.5 t·km^-2·a^-1和202×10³ mol·km^-2·a^-1;硫酸参与作用下,流域碳酸盐岩风化速率估算结果提高了31%(升至29.4 t·km^-2·a^-1),岩石(碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩)风化消耗大气CO₂通量则降低了35%(降至207×10³ mol·km^-2·a^-1)。硫酸参与流域碳酸盐岩的风化改变了区域碳循环,这是全球碳循环模型应该考虑的一个重要环节。

关键词: 岩石风化, CO₂消耗, 碳循环, 硫酸, 碳和硫同位素, 拉萨河

Abstract:

In order to study chemical weathering and its effects on CO₂ consumption and climate change on the Tibetan Plateau, hydrochemical data were collected bi-monthly, over a hydrological year between November 2019 to October 2020, at selected hydrological monitoring stations across the Lhasa River Basin. Combined with δ¹³C_DIC and $\partial^{34}\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{SO}_4}$ data, the hydrochemistry of the river basin and its major influencing factors were investigated. Mass-balance and forward-model approaches were applied to calculate the end-member contribution, chemical weathering rate, and atmospheric CO₂ consumption flux in the river basin. The main ionic species in river water were Ca²⁺ and $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$, and the hydrochemical type was HCO₃-Ca. The cation contribution percentages from atmospheric input, human activities, silicate weathering, and carbonate weathering were 6%, 4%, 21% and 70%, respectively. Chemical weathering is largely caused by sulfuric acid corrosion, where coal strata and sulfide deposits each contributed 50% sulfides, as evidenced by the chemical composition of river water, and δ¹³C (-8.78‰--1.35‰) of dissolved inorganic carbon and $\partial^{34}\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{SO}_4}$ (-2.26‰--1.10‰) of sulfate in river water; and the sulfuric acid involvement in carbonate weathering was significantly stronger in dry season than in rainy season. By estimation, the annualized weathering rate and CO₂ consumption flux were 5.20 t·km^-2·a^-1 and 118 × 10³ mol·km^-2·a^-1 respectively for silicate, and 22.5 t·km^-2·a^-1 and 202 × 10³ mol·km^-2·a^-1 respectively for carbonate, excluding the impact of sulfuric acid. With sulfuric acid involvement, the annualized weathering rate for carbonate increased by 31% to 29.4 t·km^-2·a^-1, and CO₂ consumption flux for carbonate and silicate combined reduced by 35% to 207 × 10³ mol·km^-2·a^-1. This work revealed that sulfuric acid-mediated weathering can change the regional carbon cycle and should be taken into consideration in carbon cycling modeling.

Key words: chemical weathering, CO₂ consumption, carbon cycle, sulfuric acid, carbon and sulfur isotope, Lhasa River

中图分类号:

谢银财, 于奭, 缪雄谊, 李军, 何师意, 孙平安. 青藏高原流域岩石风化机制及其CO₂消耗通量:以拉萨河为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 510-525.

XIE Yincai, YU Shi, MIAO Xiongyi, LI Jun, HE Shiyi, SUN Ping’an. Chemical weathering and its associated CO₂ consumption on the Tibetan Plateau: A case of the Lhasa River Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 510-525.

图/表 13

图1 拉萨河流域及采样点位置(据文献[22]修改)

Fig.1 Map showing the location of the study area and the sampling site in Lhasa River Basin. Modified after [22].

表1 拉萨河流域河水主要离子的化学组成

Table 1 Summary of river-water monitoring data for the Lhasa River Basin

图2 拉萨河流域河水主要离子和TDS各月动态变化

Fig.2 Monthly variations of major ion concentrations and TDS in the Lhasa River Basin

图3 拉萨河流域河水Gibbs图(据文献[33])

Fig.3 Gibbs diagrams for river water in the Lhasa River Basin. Adapted from [33].

图4 拉萨河流域河水Na+校正的元素比值分布图(摩尔分数比)

Fig.4 Geochemical discrimination plots for water samples from the Lhasa River Basin showing the control of rock weathering on river water chemistry

图5 拉萨河流域河水SiO2浓度与K+(a)和N+(b)浓度的变化关系图

Fig.5 Relationships between SiO2 and K+ (a) and Na+ (b) in river water in the Lhasa River Basin

图6 拉萨河流域河水(Ca2++Mg2++K++Na+)当量浓度与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$(a)和($\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$+$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$)(b)当量浓度的变化关系图

Fig.6 Relationships between (K++Na++Ca2++Mg2+) and $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$ (a) and ($\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$+$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$) (b) in river water in the Lhasa River Basin

图7 拉萨河流域河水[Ca2++Mg2+]/[$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$]与[$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$]/[$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$]当量浓度比值关系

Fig.7 Equivalent ratios of [Ca2++Mg2+]/[$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$] vs. [$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$]/[$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$] in waters draining the Lhasa River Basin

图8 拉萨河流域河水$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$当量浓度与(Ca2++Mg2+)(a)和$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$(b)当量浓度的变化关系图

Fig.7 Relationships between $\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$ and (Ca2++Mg2+) (a) and $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$ (b) in river water in the Lhasa River Basin

图9 萨河流域河水δ13CDIC和$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$浓度的变化关系图

Fig.7 Relationships between δ13CDIC and $\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$ in river water in the Lhasa River Basin

图10 拉萨河流域不同端员对河水阳离子的贡献率

Fig.10 Average bi-monthly cation contribution percentages from end-members in the Lhasa River Basin

表2 拉萨河流域岩石风化速率与大气CO2消耗与其他河流的比较

Table 1 Comparison of chemical weathering rates and associated CO2fluxes between the Lhasa River Basin and other rivers under different climate types

表3 不同流域硫酸参与岩石风化抵消大气CO2消耗通量的比例对照

Table 3 Contrast of the proportion of sulfuric acid participating in rock weathering to offset atmospheric CO2 consumption flux of the different river basins

地区	河流名称	硫酸参与岩石风化抵消大气CO₂ 消耗通量的比例/%	数据来源
青藏高原	拉萨河(拉萨)	35	本文
	尼洋河(河口)	28	文献[54]
	澜沧江(彬阳)	82	文献[8]
	怒江(宝山)	118
	金沙江(石鼓)	14	文献[9]
	岷江(高场)	10
西南	赤水河(合江)	45	文献[58]
	乌江	13	文献[55]
	舞阳江	21
	清水江	16
	南盘江	13	文献[12]
	北盘江	20
	长江(宜昌)	13	文献[9]
	长江(大通)	14
	嘉陵江(北碚)	12
	汉江(仙桃)	10
	赣江(外洲)	14
	西江(蔗香)	22	文献[59]
东南	钱塘江(杭州)	13	文献[60]
东南	韩江(潮州)	38	文献[61]

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青藏高原流域岩石风化机制及其CO₂消耗通量:以拉萨河为例

Chemical weathering and its associated CO₂ consumption on the Tibetan Plateau: A case of the Lhasa River Basin

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