南海北部大陆边缘沉积物波分布特征及形成机制研究进展

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.2.67

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深海沉积物波形成过程研究对于重建古气候、古海洋、古构造以及海洋油气、天然气水合物等资源开发均具有重要意义,而南海北部大陆边缘因其复杂的构造沉积体系、独特的地形地貌以及丰富的矿产资源,是深海沉积物波形成演化研究的热点海域。本文系统总结了当前南海北部大陆边缘沉积物波相关研究进展,通过梳理前人关于南海沉积物波重点发育区域的系列工作,分析了自琼东南海域至台西南海域沉积物波的发育水深、坡度、波长、波高及波峰特征等内容,并讨论了不同区域沉积物波的成因机制与主控因素。其中台湾造山运动及北太平洋深部底流对台西南海域沉积物波影响强烈,珠江口海域则以内波作用为特点,同时发现南海沉积物波具有天然气水合物聚集的优越地质条件。但现有研究多局限于单一因素影响,缺少南海西南部沉积物波发育现状,缺乏海底原位观测手段。因此,后续研究应重视沉积物波形成的多因素动力过程耦合机制,深化南海南部沉积物波发育研究,同时加强海底地球物理探测技术和原位综合长期观测技术研究,为深入认识深海沉积物波形成演化过程提供技术支撑,助力海洋开发工程的安全建设。

关键词: 南海北部, 沉积物波, 成因, 发育特征

Abstract:

Studying the formation process of deep-sea sediment waves is of great significance for the reconstruction of paleoclimate, paleocean and paleotectonics, and it provides strong support for the development of marine oil and gas hydrate resources. The northern continental margin of the South China Sea is a focal area for such study because of its complex tectonic sedimentary system, unique topography and rich mineral resources. This paper systematically summarizes the recent progress in the relevant studies. Combing the results on the key regions of sediment-wave development in the South China Sea, this paper analyzes the development depth, slope, wavelength, wave height and wave peak characteristics of sediment waves from the sea areas of southeastern Hainan to southwestern Taiwan, and discusses the genetic mechanism and main controlling factors of sediment waves in different regions. It is found the Taiwan orogeny and the deep water of the North Pacific have a strong impact on the sediment waves in the southwestern Taiwan sea area, while the Pearl River Estuary sea area is mostly influenced by internal waves. It is also found the sediment waves in the South China Sea provide superior geological condition for gas hydrate accumulation. But most of the existing studies only consider a single influencing factor and lack of knowledge of the development status of sediment waves in the southern South China Sea, as in-situ seabed observation methods are also lacking. Therefore, future research should pay attention to multi-factor dynamic processes in sediment-wave formation, deepen the research on sediment-wave development in the southern South China Sea, and strengthen the research on seabed geophysical exploration technology and in-situ comprehensive long-term observation technology, so as to provide a scientific basis for in-depth understanding of the formation and evolutionary process of deep-sea sediment waves and enhance the safety of marine development projects.

Key words: northern South China Sea, sediment wave, origin, developmental characteristics

中图分类号:

P736.21

刘晓磊, 李伟甲, 陆杨, 李星宇, 张淑玉, 余和雨. 南海北部大陆边缘沉积物波分布特征及形成机制研究进展[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(2): 81-95.

LIU Xiaolei, LI Weijia, LU Yang, LI Xingyu, ZHANG Shuyu, YU Heyu. Distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of sediment waves on the continental margin of the northern South China Sea—a literature research[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(2): 81-95.

图/表 11

表1 南海北部大陆边缘沉积物波发育特征概况

Table 1 Characteristics of sediment-wave development in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea

研究区	水深/m	波长/km	波高/m	发育坡度/(°)	波峰特征	数据来源
台西南海域	3 000~3 200	0.5~4(平均2.6)	7~117(平均28)	1.6	SW-NE	文献[24]
	3 200~3 400	1.5~5.4(平均1.9)	平均80	0.3	整体平行等深线	文献[24]
	2 400~2 680	2~27	35	平均0.28	NEE-SWW	文献[17]
	2 230~2 820	3.9~14	36	平均0.31	NEE-SWW
	2 920~3 350	5.5~27.8	30	平均0.46	NEE-SWW
	2 950~3 250	7.2~11	60	平均0.51	NNE-SSW
	2 700~3 400	0.3~5.5(平均3.2)	5~50	0.57	NEE-SWW	文献[2]
	2 800~3 700	0.46~5.8(平均3.5)	5~50	3.43	近E-W	文献[2]
	2 250~2 840	1.2~3.7	30~47	平均0.5	近W-E	文献[27]
	3 150~3 500	1.5~5.4	50~110	0.57	近W-E	文献[27]
珠江口海域	600~900	1~2	20~50	1~5	整体平行等深线	文献[28]
	<1 300	1.3~3.6	50~80	大约2		文献[28]
	500~900	1.4~2	30~50	3~5	NE-SW	文献[29]
	160~600	0.016	0.35	0.65		文献[11]
琼东南海域	2 200~3 400	4	30	0.5~1		文献[19,30]

图1 南海北部大陆边缘海域沉积物波分布及成因图(据文献[19,36]修改,底图引自文献[37])

Fig.1 Distribution and genesis of sediment waves in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea. Modified after [19,36]. Basemap from [37].

表2 南海北部大陆边缘沉积物波物源与成因控制因素(引自文献[14,19,45-46])

Table 2 Provenance of and genetic factors controlling sediment waves in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea. Adapted from [14,19,45-46].

沉积物波区	地理位置/代号	波域面积/km²	物源	成因控制因素
台西南海域	东沙陆坡东南翼的下陆坡/B1	263	台湾岛南部及滨海地区狭窄的陆架; 西侧的东沙隆起	浊流、北太平洋底流、台湾造山运动以及水合物分解
	台湾峡谷两侧与澎湖峡谷西侧/T2	4 240
	马尼拉海沟的北端/T2	12 500
	Damuth^[10]/T1	25 000
珠江口海域	珠江海谷下陆坡段的东翼/T3	3 640	白云凹陷陆坡区;古珠江	浊流、底流、沉积变形(气体渗漏、底辟活动以及存在水合物)及内波
	神狐海域的中陆坡—	670
	神狐海域中、下陆坡的过渡区位/B2	2 707
	神狐海域上、中陆坡,毗邻峡谷/D1	1 940
	东沙群岛的西南翼,毗邻峡谷/D2	259
	中下陆坡,珠江海谷的西翼和南翼/C1	1 387
琼东南海域	西沙海槽陆坡的中下陆坡/—	2 350	中央峡谷浊流	浊流、底流
琼东南海域	琼东南盆地长昌凹陷北部斜坡/T5	400	中央峡谷浊流	浊流、底流

图2 浊流沉积物波体系图 (a)广义大陆边缘浊流沉积体系图(据文献[9]修改);(b)水跃模式图(据文献[47]修改);几何结构由水跃长 Ljump,迎流面波长 Lstoss ,背流面波长 Llee,背流面坡度α,迎流面坡度β确定;(c)浊流实验产生的一系列旋回坎(据文献[48]修改);(d)沉积物波几何参数示意图(据文献[51]修改);(e)水道-朵体过渡态示意图(据文献[9]修改);(f)被底流改变后的水道-朵体过渡带内粗粒沉积物波的分布(引自文献[52])。

Fig.2 Schematic illustration of sediment-wave development in a canyon system. (a) Generalized continental margin turbidite sedimentary system (modified after [9]). (b) Hydraulic jump of a single cyclic step (modified after [47]). (c) Flow pattern over a series of cyclic steps generated by turbidity currents (modified after [48]). (d) Geometric parameters for sediment waves (modified after [51]). (e) Map view of channel-lobe transition zone (modified after [9]). (f) Re-distribution of coarse sediment waves in channel-lobe transition zone due to underflow (adapted from [52]).

图3 南海东北坡峡谷多波束测深图(据文献[54]修改),其中灰色区域为Kuang等[17]发现的4个沉积物波区(据文献[17]修改) (a)台湾峡谷旋回坎区;(b)西澎湖峡谷旋回坎区。

Fig.3 Multi-beam bathymetric map of the northeastern slope canyon of the South China Sea (modified after [54]), with insert maps showing the Taiwan Canyon (a) and Western Penghu Canyon (b) cyclic step areas. Gray areas outline the four sediment-wave areas discovered by Kuang et al. (modified after [17]).

图4 沉积物波波长/波高与坡度、水深及粒径之间的关系(据文献[13,55]修改)

Fig.4 Relationship between sediment wave length/height and slope, water depth or particle size. Modified after [13,55].

图5 底流沉积物波与地震剖面 (a)背流波(Lee波)模式图(据文献[43]修改);(b)琼东南盆地北礁凹陷底流沉积物波二维地震剖面(据文献[61]修改)。

Fig.5 (a) Lee-wave model for sediment wave propagation (modified after [43]), and (b) two-dimensional seismic profile of bottom-current sediment waves in Beijiao Sag, Qiongdongnan Basin (modified after [61]).

图6 两种密度水层界面上理想行进的内波运动情况(据文献[64]修改)

Fig.6 Movements of ideal traveling internal waves at the interface between low- and high-density water layers. Modified after [64].

图7 沉积变形成因沉积物波与地震剖面 (a)沉积物蠕动变形可形成沉积物波,槽谷常见内部断层;由于地震等外部因素,沉积物蠕变在缓坡(<0.5°)上发生(据文献[13]修改);(b)珠江口盆地白云凹陷沉积物波地震剖面:黄色线为沉积物波组界面;蓝色线表示BSR(似海底反射)(引自文献[72])。

Fig.7 Formation of sediment waves by sediment deformation. (a) Sediment waves with broad peaks and narrow troughs with commonly occurring faults, formed by creep deformation initiated on gentle slopes (< 0.5°) by external triggers such as earthquakes (modified after [13]). (b) Seismic profile (adapted from [72]) of sediment waves in Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin (yellow lines indicate interfaces between sediment-wave groups; blue line indicates BSR (bottom simulating reflector)).

图8 重力流和等深流共同作用所形成的复合成因沉积物波(珠江海谷的西翼和南翼C1,引自文献[13])

Fig.8 Composite sediment waves formed by interaction of gravity and contour currents on the west and south wings of the Pearl River Valley. Adapted from [13].

图9 台西南海域复合成因沉积物波 (a)台湾/澎湖峡谷周边沉积物波域三维测深图;(b)台西南海域主要沉积过程示意图;(c)和(d)高分辨率地震剖面显示了1和2场沉积物波在几何形状、形态和地震反射配置上的差异(据文献[24]修改)。

Fig.9 Distribution of sediment waves in the South China Sea. (a) Three dimensional bathymetric map of sediment waves around the Taiwan and Penghu Canyons. (b) Schematic diagram summarizing the major depositional processes in diferent regions of the southwestern Taiwan. (c,d) High- resolution seismic profiles showing the differences in geometry，morphology and seismic reflection configuration between sediment waves in fields 1 and 2. Modified after [24].

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