深部水文地质研究的机遇与挑战

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.49

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

经济社会快速发展需要更多的能源与资源保障,地球深部资源与能源极其丰富。“向地球深部进军”是经济社会发展需要与资源勘查开发技术、经济效益成本承受能力相匹配的必然发展趋势。随着“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的提出,绿色低碳高质量发展成为时代发展的主旋律。为满足能源、资源保障和生态环境保护等重大需求,加大清洁能源勘探开发力度、提高碳封存能力、强化地质储能研究等显得尤为重要。深部水文地质作用与此息息相关,亟待重视和加强研究。本文采用文献分析法,通过学科发展历程与热点焦点问题的综合对比研究,对深部地下水分布与循环理论研究、深部地下水地质作用下地热与锂资源成藏、深部地热-干热岩与页岩气等清洁能源开发、深部咸水层CO₂地质封存、地质储能等方面涉及的深部水文地质研究现状和未来趋势进行了分析总结,认为深部水文地质在高温高压条件下地下水循环动力机制、物质能量转换过程、水岩相互作用、成热成藏机理和勘查监测技术精准度等方面尚需深入系统的研究,而储层非均质性刻画、热源机制、深部资源能源可持续开发技术、人工干预下深部资源环境演变特征、水力压裂诱发地震以及断层对流体触发的敏感性和触发过程演变等是未来应给予重点关注的关键性问题。

关键词: 深部水文地质, 资源成藏与开发, 地热, 干热岩, 深层地下水中锂, CO₂地质封存, 地质储能

Abstract:

Rapid social and economic development requires a steady supply of energy and natural resources. Such resources are markedly abundant in the deep earth. “Marching into the deep earth”, therefore, is an inevitable trend in energy supply such that the current resource exploration and development technology, cost, and financial prospects are compatible with meeting the resources needs. Owing to the “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” campaign, green, low-carbon, high-quality development has become a shared goal for society. To meet the major demands for energy, resource security, and ecological environmental protection, it is particularly important to accelerate the clean energy exploration and development, enhance the carbon storage capacity, and strengthen research on geological energy storage. These tasks are closely related to the study of deep hydrogeological process and such study requires immediate attention. By analyzing several literature reports, a comprehensive comparative study was conducted on the course of research discipline development and its relevant hot issues. This study sought to summarize and assess the current situation and future trends in deep hydrogeological research related to the distribution and circulation of deep groundwater, the accumulation of geothermal and lithium resources under the control of deep groundwater, the development of clean energies such as deep geothermal, hot-dry rock, and shale gas, the geological sequestration of CO₂ in the deep saltwater layers, and geological energy storage in the aquifer. Deep and systematic studies were found to be needed in such areas owing to the dynamic mechanism of groundwater circulation, the material and energy conversion process, water-rock interaction, the thermal accumulation mechanism, and the accuracy and precision of monitoring technology in deep hydrogeology under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure. In addition, the characterization of reservoir heterogeneity, the heat source mechanism, the sustainable development technology of deep resources and energy, the evolution characteristics of deep resources and environment under human intervention, the earthquake induced by hydraulic fracturing, the sensitivity of faults triggered by fluids, and the evolution of the triggering process will continue to remain as key research topics.

Key words: deep hydrogeology, resource accumulation and development, geothermal, hot dry rock, lithium in deep groundwater, CO₂ geological storage, geological energy storage

中图分类号:

P641

文冬光, 宋健, 刁玉杰, 张林友, 张福存, 张森琦, 叶成明, 朱庆俊, 史彦新, 金显鹏, 贾小丰, 李胜涛, 刘东林, 王新峰, 杨骊, 马鑫, 吴海东, 赵学亮, 郝文杰. 深部水文地质研究的机遇与挑战[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(3): 11-24.

WEN Dongguang, SONG Jian, DIAO Yujie, ZHANG Linyou, ZHANG Fucun, ZHANG Senqi, YE Chengming, ZHU Qingjun, SHI Yanxin, JIN Xianpeng, JIA Xiaofeng, LI Shengtao, LIU Donglin, WANG Xinfeng, YANG Li, MA Xin, WU Haidong, ZHAO Xueliang, HAO Wenjie. Opportunities and challenges in deep hydrogeological research[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(3): 11-24.

图/表 6

图1 俯冲带水循环概念模型(据文献[21]修改)

Fig.1 Conceptual model of water cycle in the subduction zone. Modified after [21].

图2 全球地热系统发育特征图(据文献[24]修改)

Fig.2 Developmental characteristics of the global geothermal system. Modified after [24].

图3 青海共和—贵德地热系统模式图

Fig.3 Model diagram of geothermal system in the Gonghe-Guide area of Qinghai

图4 柴达木盆地锂资源富集机制和成矿模式(据文献[50])

Fig.4 Enrichment mechanism and metallogenic model of Lithium resources in the Qaidam Basin. Adapted from [50].

图5 页岩气开发相关的水资源风险示意图(据文献[71-72]) 1—过度取水引起水资源匮乏和水质恶化;2—蓄水池和储水坑废水渗漏造成地表水和浅层地下水污染;3—处理不达标的废水排放污染河流和土壤;4—注入前储存不当造成泄漏;5—天然气和压裂液、产出水等从页岩气井套管缺损处泄漏污染浅层地下水;6—气体从常规油气井套管或废弃井泄漏污染浅层地下水;7—中间地层的气体流入页岩气井或常规油气井;8—中间地层或储集层的气体流入废弃的油气井;9—天然气和高矿化度地下水从页岩储集层直接运移造成地下水污染;10—注入井泄漏。

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of water resources risks related to the shale gas development. Adapted from [71-72].

图6 太阳能集热-含水层储能概念图(据文献[118])

Fig.6 Illustration of the solar heat collection-aquifer energy storage concept. Adapted from [118].

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