二氧化碳基增强型地热系统储层换热研究现状及展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

干热岩资源分布广泛、储量巨大,被认为是具有广阔发展前景的绿色能源之一,而增强型地热系统(EGS)是开采干热岩资源的主要技术方法。在CO₂-EGS中,超临界CO₂(ScCO₂)作为取热工质可以减少水资源浪费、降低泵送能量消耗,比H₂O具有更高的传热效率,并且可以实现部分CO₂的地质封存,具有较大的发展前景。本文从EGS裂隙储层模型、CO₂的物理性质,以及CO₂在储层裂隙中的流动与传热特性3个方面,总结了CO₂-EGS储层换热技术的研究进展,并针对我国典型地热场地的实际应用提出了建议。结果表明,裂隙性多孔介质模型更为实用和高效,而局部非热平衡模型更符合实际情况。CO₂具有较高质量流率和较轻微的矿物溶解能力,其矿化封存可降低地震风险,但会使储层的渗透率下降,建议调整主裂缝的非接触面积或CO₂的注入参数以减少渗透率的降低。未来应深入研究CO₂的非达西流动特性,并探究CO₂在共和与松辽盆地储层中的损失问题以及福建漳州凝灰岩盖层对CO₂的封存能力。

关键词: 地热储层, 干热岩, 增强型地热系统, 二氧化碳, 渗流传热

Abstract:

Hot dry rock (HDR) resources with large reserves are widely distributed. HDR is considered one of the sources of green energy with a broad development prospect, and the enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) is the main technology to mine HDR resources. In CO₂-EGS, supercritical CO₂ (ScCO₂) used as a working fluid for heat extraction can reduce water and energy consumption in pumping. ScCO₂ is a better (higher efficiency) heat transfer fluid than H₂O and can be used for geological storage of partial CO₂, which has a large development prospect. This paper summarizes recent research progres on heat transfer techniques used in CO₂-EGS from three aspects: reservoir fracture models for EGS, physical properties of CO₂, and flow and heat transfer properties of CO₂ in reservoir fractures. Suggestions on practical application at typical geothermal sites in China are presented. The fracture model based on fractured, porous medium is more practical and efficient, and the local thermal non-equilibrium model is more accurate. CO₂ has a high mass flow rate and low mineral dissolution capability, and CO₂ mineralization and storage in EGS can reduce seismic risk. However, it will decrease the permeability of the reservoir, and it is recommended to adjust the non-contact area of the main fracture or the CO₂ injection parameter to minimize the permeability decrease. In the future, the non-Darcy flow properties of CO₂ should be further investigated. When exploring the practical application of CO₂-EGS in the Gonghe and Songliao Basins, the loss of CO₂ in the reservoirs should be considered, and the sealing performance of the tuff caprock in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province should be evaluated.

Key words: geothermal reservoir, hot dry rock, enhanced geothermal systems, carbon dioxide, seepage flow and heat transfer

中图分类号:

P314

蒋政, 舒彪, 谭静强. 二氧化碳基增强型地热系统储层换热研究现状及展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(6): 235-251.

JIANG Zheng, SHU Biao, TAN Jingqiang. Heat transfer in geothermal reservoir of CO₂-based enhanced geothermal systems—current research status and prospects[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 235-251.

图/表 14

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作者	储层模型	研究内容
Bongole等^[30]	单一裂隙模型	热—水(TH)模型解析解的推导,H₂O-EGS与CO₂-EGS的传热性能的对比
Sun等^[31]	单一裂隙模型	热—水(TH)模型解析解的推导,增加EGS中CO₂封存量的方法研究
翟海珍等^[32]	平行裂隙群模型	换热单元体的厚度和长度对产出温度的影响
Cao等^[33]	等效多孔介质模型	EGS的长期取热过程以及取热工质的非达西流动行为
Gao等^[34]	等效多孔介质模型	EGS中达西定律和非达西定律的对比
Wang等^[35]	等效多孔介质模型	不同的储层渗透率和地温梯度下,H₂O-EGS与CO₂-EGS的性能对比
Chen和Jiang^[36]	等效多孔介质模型	井布局对EGS取热性能的影响
Lu等^[37]	等效多孔介质模型	井筒布局与流体流动注入方案对ScCO₂-EGS取热性能的影响
陈必光等^[38]	离散裂隙网络模型	基于二维裂隙性储层的离散裂隙网络模型计算方法
Shi等^[39]	离散裂隙网络模型	各种离散裂隙网络模型的取热性能以及岩石力学行为与裂隙参数对EGS取热性能的影响
Liao等^[40]	离散裂隙网络模型	CO₂-EGS的长期性能的模拟
Sun等^[29]	裂隙性多孔介质模型	EGS储层中的流体的流动、传热和力学行为的特征
Sun等^[28]	裂隙性多孔介质模型	EGS取热能力的评估

作者	储层模型	研究内容
Bongole等^[30]	单一裂隙模型	热—水(TH)模型解析解的推导,H₂O-EGS与CO₂-EGS的传热性能的对比
Sun等^[31]	单一裂隙模型	热—水(TH)模型解析解的推导,增加EGS中CO₂封存量的方法研究
翟海珍等^[32]	平行裂隙群模型	换热单元体的厚度和长度对产出温度的影响
Cao等^[33]	等效多孔介质模型	EGS的长期取热过程以及取热工质的非达西流动行为
Gao等^[34]	等效多孔介质模型	EGS中达西定律和非达西定律的对比
Wang等^[35]	等效多孔介质模型	不同的储层渗透率和地温梯度下,H₂O-EGS与CO₂-EGS的性能对比
Chen和Jiang^[36]	等效多孔介质模型	井布局对EGS取热性能的影响
Lu等^[37]	等效多孔介质模型	井筒布局与流体流动注入方案对ScCO₂-EGS取热性能的影响
陈必光等^[38]	离散裂隙网络模型	基于二维裂隙性储层的离散裂隙网络模型计算方法
Shi等^[39]	离散裂隙网络模型	各种离散裂隙网络模型的取热性能以及岩石力学行为与裂隙参数对EGS取热性能的影响
Liao等^[40]	离散裂隙网络模型	CO₂-EGS的长期性能的模拟
Sun等^[29]	裂隙性多孔介质模型	EGS储层中的流体的流动、传热和力学行为的特征
Sun等^[28]	裂隙性多孔介质模型	EGS取热能力的评估

作者	方法	研究内容
朱家玲等^[61]	圆柱岩体裂隙内流动换热模型	单裂隙流固换热系数解析解的推导以及流体流速和裂隙开度对换热系数的影响
Chen等^[62]	统一管网方法	流体在粗糙壁面裂隙网络的流动传热过程
Wang等^[63]	三维热—水—力(THM)全耦合数值模型	具有嵌入式复杂离散裂隙网络的ScCO₂-EGS的热开采和碳封存性能评估
Wang^[64]	与两相流体流动完全耦合的热—水—力(THM)模型	井筒流体与裂缝之间的热交换效率
Liao等^[40]	3D热—水—力(THM)耦合嵌入式复杂裂隙网络模型	CO₂-EGS的长期性能的模拟

作者	方法	研究内容
朱家玲等^[61]	圆柱岩体裂隙内流动换热模型	单裂隙流固换热系数解析解的推导以及流体流速和裂隙开度对换热系数的影响
Chen等^[62]	统一管网方法	流体在粗糙壁面裂隙网络的流动传热过程
Wang等^[63]	三维热—水—力(THM)全耦合数值模型	具有嵌入式复杂离散裂隙网络的ScCO₂-EGS的热开采和碳封存性能评估
Wang^[64]	与两相流体流动完全耦合的热—水—力(THM)模型	井筒流体与裂缝之间的热交换效率
Liao等^[40]	3D热—水—力(THM)耦合嵌入式复杂裂隙网络模型	CO₂-EGS的长期性能的模拟

地热场地	热源机制	储层温度	地层岩性
共和盆地恰卜恰地区	壳内低速层和地壳增厚导致的放射性元素重分布为重要热源^[110-111]	深度为2 927.26 m,温度为181.17 ℃,地温梯度为6.0 ℃/100 m^[110]	盖层主要为泥岩、泥质粉砂岩;储层以花岗岩、闪长岩等为主^[112]
松辽盆地	上地幔隆起为主要热源,花岗岩内放射性元素衰变为次要热源^[113-114]	深度为7 080 m,温度为240 ℃,平均地温梯度为3.8 ℃/100 m^[115]	盖层主要为泥岩,局部与粉砂岩互层^[114];储层为湖泊相、河流相碎屑岩^[114]
福建漳州	软流圈的上升流和花岗岩内放射性元素的衰变为重要热源^[116]	深度为3 997 m,温度约为109.58 ℃^[117,111],平均地温梯度为2.20 ℃/100 m^[118]	盖层上部覆盖薄第四纪沉积岩,下部85 %为凝灰岩,最大厚度超1 000 m^[119];储层主要为花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩^[117-118]