青海共和盆地结构构造与能源资源潜力

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.8.35

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 81-105.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.8.35

• 构造控油理论与勘探开发新领域 • 上一篇下一篇

青海共和盆地结构构造与能源资源潜力

何碧竹¹^,²(), 郑孟林³, 贠晓瑞¹^,⁴^,⁵, 蔡志慧¹, 焦存礼⁵, 陈希节¹^,⁶, 郑勇¹^,², 马绪宣¹^,², 刘若涵¹^,⁷, 陈辉明¹, 张盛生⁸, 雷敏¹, 付国强⁹, 李振宇¹^,⁴

1.中国地质科学院地质研究所自然资源部深地动力学重点实验室, 北京 100037
2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室, 广东广州 511458
3.中国石油新疆油田分公司勘探开发研究院, 新疆克拉玛依 834000
4.中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083
5.中国石化勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
6.中国地质调查局发展研究中心, 北京 100037
7.中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
8.青海省水文地质工程地质环境地质调查院, 青海西宁 810008
9.中国矿业大学, 江苏徐州 221116

收稿日期:2022-07-07 修回日期:2022-08-05 出版日期:2023-01-25 发布日期:2022-10-20
作者简介:何碧竹(1965—),女,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事盆地构造分析、油气勘探目标及干热岩地热能资源评价研究。E-mail: hebizhu@cags.ac.cn;hebizhu@vip.sina.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41872121);国家自然科学基金项目(41630207);国家自然科学基金项目(4217226);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0201);中国地质科学院基本科研业务项目(A1903);中国地质科学院基本科研业务项目(JYYWF20180903);中国地质调查局项目(DD20221649);中国地质调查局项目(DD20190006);中国地质调查局项目(DD20190060);中国地质调查局项目(DD2019013);青海省重点研发计划项目(2018-SF-109)

Structural architecture and energy resource potential of Gonghe Basin, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

HE Bizhu¹^,²(), ZHENG Menglin³, YUN Xiaorui¹^,⁴^,⁵, CAI Zhihui¹, JIAO Cunli⁵, CHEN Xijie¹^,⁶, ZHENG Yong¹^,², MA Xuxuan¹^,², LIU Ruohan¹^,⁷, CHEN Huiming¹, ZHANG Shengsheng⁸, LEI Min¹, FU Guoqiang⁹, LI Zhenyu¹^,⁴

1. Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
3. Petroleum Exploration and Development Institute, Xinjiang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Karamay 834000, China
4. China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
5. Exploration and Production Research Institute of SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
6. Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, China
7. PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China
8. Qinghai Survey Institute of the Hydrogeology and Engineering & Environmental Geology, Xining 810008, China
9. China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

Received:2022-07-07 Revised:2022-08-05 Online:2023-01-25 Published:2022-10-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

共和盆地处于西秦岭、南祁连、东昆仑造山带结合部,其中发现了高温干热岩及多套烃源岩,但地热藏和油气藏的成因、资源潜力与分布规律尚不清楚,难以对其开展准确评价和有效勘探开发。本文在系统研究共和盆地及周缘地层发育、沉积充填、构造变形与盆地深部结构的基础上,深入探讨了盆地演化的动力学机制,分析了盆地地热藏和油气藏的成藏主控因素,预测了有利分布区带和勘探方向。多期活动的哇洪山—温泉、多禾茂、瓦里贡、塘格木右行走滑逆冲断裂与青海南山左行走滑逆冲断裂异向、同向相交(切),叠加地幔上涌作用,导致在中新生代共和盆地长期处于走滑-伸展的独特环境,并控制了盆地7个隆起、断陷构造单元的展布及属性。它经历了6期演化阶段:早中三叠世处于昆北弧前盆地及陆缘火山弧带,共和盆地基底主要岩石发育;晚三叠世阿尼玛卿洋闭合并发生碰撞造山,共和盆地褶皱基底形成;晚三叠纪末期发生碰撞后伸展,发育初始小型陆内裂谷盆地;在侏罗纪—白垩纪区域性伸展环境下形成局部断陷盆地;古近纪晚期—中新世发育拉分-断陷盆地;中新世末至今发育陆内前陆盆地。形成了3个大构造-沉积层序和8个亚层序,发育了深海陆棚相-碳酸盐岩台地相-火成岩相以及多旋回的冲积扇-河流相-滨浅湖相-半深湖相等陆相沉积层序,它们记录了共和盆地的叠合发育演化及多期改造过程,与古特斯阿尼玛卿洋俯冲、后撤式俯冲、碰撞后伸展的近程效应响应,与班公-怒江、雅鲁藏布江新特提斯洋打开、俯冲、闭合以及印度/欧亚大陆碰撞过程的远程效应响应。
共和盆地构造-沉积演化特色造就了盆地较好的油气和地热的能源资源条件。盆地发育有中下侏罗统羊曲组、下白垩统万秀组、新近系咸水河组和临夏组等三套烃源岩,可形成上-中-下三套潜力油气勘探层系,需进一步开展地层精细对比、区带评价和圈闭落实工作。共和盆地深部5层结构构造特征及盆地形成动力学过程揭示了其具有丰富的地热能资源潜力。幔源上涌驱动导致地壳内各层向上扰动,叠加走滑伸展的盆地发育环境,形成短路径-多源增热模式。地幔上涌、中下地壳局部熔融体提供了区域热源、局部热源;陆缘弧和碰撞相关花岗岩类叠加多期次断裂、裂缝及热液活动起到“控热储及热传导”作用;上覆巨厚细粒沉积岩阻热扩散而形成“控热盖”,是中高温干热岩型地热藏主控因素,也为浅层水热型地热的生成奠基。研究成果可为存在局部高大地热流的陆内中小型盆地地热藏研究提供借鉴。

关键词: 构造-地层层序, 深部结构构造, 演化与动力学, 短路径-多源增热模式, 干热岩地热能, 油气资源潜力, 共和盆地

Abstract:

The Gonghe Basin is located at the junction of the South Qilian, East Kunlun and West Qinling orogenic belts in the NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where high temperature Hot Dry Rocks and multiple sets of source rocks are discovered. However, without a clear understanding of the genesis, resource potential and distribution pattern of geothermal and oil and gas reservoirs, it is difficult to carry out accurate resource evaluation and effective resource exploration and development in the Gonghe Basin. In this study, the regional tectono-sedimentary sequences, deep tectonic architecture and tectonic deformation are systematically analyzed, the dynamic process of basin evolution is discussed, the main factors controlling reservoir formation in geothermal and hydrocarbon accumulation are analyzed, and the favorable distribution zones and exploration directions are proposed. In the Gonghe Basin, the periodically active Wahongshan-Wenquan, Tanggemu, Waligong and Duohemao NNW-striking dextral strike-slip and thrust faults and the Qinghai Nanshan NWW(E-W)-striking thrust and sinistral strike-slip fault intersect (or in tangent) in the same or opposite direction, and the superposition of the intersecting faults and mantle upwelling result in the unique strike-slip stretching environment during most of the Cenozoic, and control the distribution and properties of seven tectonic units featuring faulted-depressions and uplifts. The Gonghe Basin region experienced six stages of evolution: 1) Development of main basement rock in the Early-Middle Triassic in the northern parts of East Kunlun forearc basin and volcanic arc belt; 2) Collision orogeny and formation of folded basement in the Late Triassic; 3) Post-collisional extension and development of local continental facies in prototype basin at the end of Triassic; 4) Formation of local faulted depressions in the Jurassic-Cretaceous under regional extension; 5) Development of strike-slip pull-apart and faulted basin in the Late Paleogene-Miocene; and 6) Development of intracontinental foreland basins in the Pliocene to the present. During the Meso-Cenozoic periods three large tectonic-sedimentary sequences and eight secondary sequences are formed in the Gonghe Basin, along with the developments of the deep-water shelf and carbonate platform facies, igneous facies, as well as the multi-cyclic terrestrial sedimentary sequences of the alluvial-fluvial, littoral-shallow lacustrine and semi-deep lacustrine facies. The superimposed evolutionary processes record the basin response to the near field effects of the northward subducting, retraction-subducting, and post-collisional extension of the Anemaqen Paleotethyan ocean slab, and to the remote effects of the opening, subducting and closure of the Neotethyan Ocean and the India-Eurasia continental collision.
The unique tectono-sedimentary evolution results in the favorable oil/gas and geothermal energy resources conditions in the Gonghe Basin, where three sets of hydrocarbon source rocks are developed in the Lower Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous and Neogene, and they can—pending further fine correlation, play evaluation and favorable trap confirmation—form three favorable oil and gas exploration strata. The five-layer deep structural architecture of the Gonghe Basin and its genetic dynamics reveal the basin’s favorable geothermal resources potential. Mantle upwelling leads to the upward movements of each layer in the crust, which results in the short-path, multi-source heating action under the strike-slip and extensional development environment of the basin. The Hot Dry Rock geothermal reservoirs are formed in the basin’s fault intersection zones. For the medium-high temperature reservoirs the main controlling factors are: mantle upwelling and lower-middle crustal partial melting respectively providing the regional and local heat sources; continental margin arc and collision-related granitoids, superimposed with multi-stage fault, fracture and hydrothermal activities, controlling the heat storage and heat conduction; and the thermally stable overlying ultra-thick fine-grained sedimentary rock layers providing the reservoir caps. These factors may also control the heat source and heat conduction in shallow hydrothermal geothermal reservoirs. This study provides a reference for the understanding of geothermal reservoirs in small-medium size intracontinental basins with locally high terrestrial heat flows.

Key words: tectono-stratigraphic sequences, deep structural architecture, evolution and dynamics, the short-path, multi-source heating mode, Hot Dry Rock geothermal energy, oil and gas reservoir, Gonghe Basin

中图分类号:

P618.13

何碧竹, 郑孟林, 贠晓瑞, 蔡志慧, 焦存礼, 陈希节, 郑勇, 马绪宣, 刘若涵, 陈辉明, 张盛生, 雷敏, 付国强, 李振宇. 青海共和盆地结构构造与能源资源潜力[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(1): 81-105.

HE Bizhu, ZHENG Menglin, YUN Xiaorui, CAI Zhihui, JIAO Cunli, CHEN Xijie, ZHENG Yong, MA Xuxuan, LIU Ruohan, CHEN Huiming, ZHANG Shengsheng, LEI Min, FU Guoqiang, LI Zhenyu. Structural architecture and energy resource potential of Gonghe Basin, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(1): 81-105.

图/表 12

图1 青海共和盆地及周缘地质简图及研究区位置示意图(A,B据文献[42,46-47]修改;C据文献[46⇓⇓-49]修改) A—共和盆地位置图;B—共和盆地及周缘地质简图;C—共和盆地及周缘盆山结构剖面。主要断裂带:①—青海南山断裂;②—哇洪山—温泉断裂;③—多禾茂断裂;④—拉脊山南断裂;⑤—贵南断裂带;⑥—兴海断裂;⑦—瓦里贡断裂;⑧—共和北隐伏断裂;⑨—龙羊峡隐伏断裂;⑩—塘格木隐伏断裂;⑪—日月山断裂。

Fig.1 Geological sketch map of Gonghe Basin and its adjacent area in Qinghai Province,NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.A and B modified after [42,46-47]; C modified after [46⇓⇓-49].

图2 共和盆地及周缘中—新生界综合柱状图(据文献[38-39,46⇓⇓-49,81-82]修改)

Fig.2 Comprehensive column of the Gonghe Basin and its adjacent area from Mesozoic to Cenozoic,NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Modified after [38-39,46⇓⇓-49,81-82].

图3 共和盆地及周缘中生界典型构造-沉积发育特征 A—中下三叠统隆务河组硅质、灰泥质、钙质粉砂质互层的板岩,含鲍马序列及软沉积变形构造,有后期走滑断层及大量近高角度裂缝,裂缝充填方解石、石英,龙羊峡剖面;B—中下三叠统隆务河组含菊石泥质板岩,曲乃亥剖面;C—下白垩统万秀组与中三叠统古浪提组不整合接触,万秀寺东剖面;D—C中风化壳近景,古浪提组浅灰色粗砂岩;E—下侏罗统羊曲组灰绿色细砂岩与褐灰色泥质粉砂岩互层沉积,浅湖相沉积,万秀寺;F—E图近景,中-厚层状的灰绿色细砂岩,万秀寺;G—下白垩统万秀组万四段透镜状砂砾岩沉积,河流相,万秀寺西剖面;H—下白垩统万秀组万二段灰色泥质粉砂岩与泥岩互层沉积,滨浅湖-半深湖相,万秀寺剖面。地层:T1-2l—中下三叠统隆务河组;T2g—中三叠统古浪堤组;J1-2y—中下侏罗统羊曲组;K1w—下白垩统万秀组。

Fig.3 Typical structural-sedimentary characteristics of the Mesozoic in the Gonghe Basin and its periphery areas

图4 共和盆地及周缘新生界典型构造-沉积发育特征 A—古近系西宁组褐红色细砾岩、含砾砂岩与三叠纪花岗岩不整合接触,沟后水库北;B—A图近景,波状起伏的不整合面及含斜层理砂砾岩层;C—新近系咸水河组与临夏组不整合接触,咸水河组发育系列的同沉积正断层,阿什贡西剖面;D—右行逆冲走滑断裂分割的咸水河组与临夏组;E—新近系咸水河组与临夏组不整合接触,贵德地质公园;F—临夏组滨-浅湖相浅灰色泥质粉砂岩,含大量腹足类化石,龙羊峡剖面;G—第四系共和组与上新统临夏组角度不整合接触;H—临夏组中逆冲断层及褶皱,河卡东剖面。地层:ENx—古近系西宁组;N1x—中新统咸水河组;N1-2l—中上新统临夏组。

Fig.4 Typical structural-sedimentary characteristics of the Cenozoic in the Gonghe Basin and its periphery areas

图5 共和盆地主要断裂展布及基底埋深图红色标号为边界控盆一级断裂;蓝色标号为控坳二级断裂。

Fig.5 Distribution of main faults and the buried depth of the basement in the Gonghe Basin

图6 共和盆地塘格木坳陷、贵德坳陷构造地质剖面(B,C据文献[35,82]修改) A—过塘格木坳陷北东向地震地质解释剖面AA';B,C—过贵德坳陷北北西向连续电磁测深剖面及地质解释剖面。剖面及主要断层位置见图5。图中红色、黄色、墨绿色充填区分别示意可能油藏、天然气藏、页岩油气藏类型及位置。

Fig.6 Structural geological profiles of the Tanggemu and Guide depressions in the Gonghe Basin. B and C modified after [35,82].

图7 共和盆地构造单元及地热藏有利区(据文献[32⇓-34,42-43,82,90,94,96⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-105]修改) 断层编号参考图5。红色及蓝色断层分别代表露头断裂及隐伏断裂。中下地壳部分熔融体-局部热源的分布,仅标注了据MT资料识别的高导体[101]及广角地震折射/反射探测剖面的低速区[100]叠置区,盆地其他地区尚待资料补充。

Fig.7 Structural units and favorable areas of geothermal reservoirs in the Gonghe Basin. Modified after [32⇓-34,42-43,82,90,94,96⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-105].

表1 共和盆地及周缘露头岩石密度及磁性参数表

Table 1 The density and magnetic parameters of rocks in the periphery area of the Gonghe Basin

地层	岩性	密度/(g·cm^-3)		磁化率K/ (4π× 10^-6SI)	剩余磁化强度 J_r/(10^-3A· m^-1)	电阻率/(Ω·m)		速度/(m·s^-1)		位置
地层	岩性	范围	平均值	磁化率K/ (4π× 10^-6SI)	剩余磁化强度 J_r/(10^-3A· m^-1)	范围	平均值	范围	平均值	位置
第四系	砂岩、粉砂岩	1.59~2.08	1.8	n×10		8~50	16	1 600~2 860	2 400	GR1井测井及岩心实测
新近系	砂岩、泥岩	1.71~2.26	2.23	n		5~25	12	1 550~3 580	2 600
古近系	砾岩、砂岩	1.91~2.45		n×10		12~22	17	200~4 660	3 030
白垩系	砾岩、砂岩	2.54~2.68	2.61	无磁性						盆地周缘露头
白垩系	安山岩、橄榄玄武岩			180~3 070	450~4 950
侏罗系	砂岩	2.46~2.62	2.56	无磁性
侏罗系	安山岩			500~2 500	180~2 100
三叠系	砂岩、砾岩、灰岩、板岩	2.43~2.69	2.61	n×10²	n×10²					盆地周缘露头
	安山岩、火山角砾岩、板岩、灰岩	2.54~2.8	2.66	500~2 500	180~2 100					盆地周缘露头
	花岗岩、花岗闪长岩	2.50~2.72	2.63	500~4 700	n×10~2 700	25~50	35	4 550~6 660	5 880	GR1井测井及岩心实测
	蚀变花岗闪长岩					8~38	18	2 700~5 880	3 800	GR1井测井及岩心实测
前三叠系	浅变质岩、千枚岩、板岩、片岩、片麻岩	2.41~2.94	2.65	n×10²~ 7 800	n×10²~n×10³
前三叠系	火成岩	2.5~3.10	2.71	300~7 000	160~2 700					盆地周缘露头

表2 共和盆地钻井及周缘岩石放射性生热率表

Table 2 The radiogenic heat generation rate and velocity of rocks in the Gonghe Basin and its periphery area

样品位置	地层时代	深度/m	岩性	生热率/(μW·m^-3)			资料来源
样品位置	地层时代	深度/m	岩性	样品数	范围	平均值	资料来源
GR1	Cz		沉积岩	4	1.66~2.02	1.79	文献[106]
GR1	T		花岗岩	20	1.73~4.48	3.04
GR2	Cz		沉积岩	3	1.21~1.90	1.5
GR2	T		花岗岩	20	1.17~4.92	2.98
DR3	T		花岗岩	5	2.12~5.81	4.7
ZR2	Cz		沉积岩	5	1.83~2.40	2.13
ZR2	T		花岗岩	41	0.92~6.49	2.81
贵德		0~1 500	沉积岩	10		1.88	文献[107]
贵德	T	1 500~3 000	花岗岩	14		2.04	文献[107]
HDR3	T	2 391~2 392	细晶花岗岩脉	2	6.17~6.87	6.52	本研究
HDR3	T	2 617~2 633	钾长花岗岩	3	7.28~7.57	7.36
HDR3	T	1 710~1 711	高镁闪长岩	3	0.97~1.01	0.98
HDR3	T	1 607~1 614	花岗闪长岩	6	2.25~2.74	2.46
5LYX-9	T	露头	石英闪长岩	5	0.73~1.03	0.96
5LYX-9-5	T	露头	辉長岩	10	0.47~0.76	0.59
DR6-DR10	Cz	490~1 560	细砂岩	13	0.79~1.65	1.33
DR6-DR10	Cz	281~1 533	粉砂岩	16	0.92~2.53	1.72

图8 共和盆地及周缘深部结构构造及干热岩热藏模式 A—温泉断裂带至雅布赖地壳-上地幔速度模型,广角地震折射/反射探测剖面[100];C1-C4是地壳内速度层面,地表至C1为上地壳,C1-C3为中地壳,C3至Moho为下地壳,Moho是地壳与岩石圈地幔的分界面。B—P波速度垂直层析剖面[105],剖面呈东西向横贯青藏高原中北部,穿过共和盆地南缘造山带,vp扰动(dvp)比例显示在剖面下;EE'、FF'位置见图1。 C—共和盆地干热岩深部结构、热源机制及有利目标区综合剖面(据文献[42,34]修改);H—高;M—中;L—低;V—速度;Rt—电阻率;C—导电率;其中HVp1>HVp2>HVp3>HVp,HVs1>HVs2>HVs3>HVs;CC'位置见图5。

Fig.8 Deep structural architecture and geothermal reservoir model of the Gonghe Basin and its periphery areas

图9 共和盆地及周缘发育演化过程及动力学机制(据文献[26,33-34,42,100-101,105⇓⇓-108])

Fig.9 Evolution processes and dynamic mechanisms of the Gonghe Basin and its prephery areas. Modified after [26,33-34,42,100-101,105⇓⇓-108].

图10 共和盆地形成过程的应力机制断裂形成时间、活动时间及属性参考:① [8-9];② [88];③ [109];④ [110];⑤ [89-90];⑥ [95];⑦ [97];⑧ [111];⑨ [112];⑩ [113];⑪ [30]。图中白色箭头指示滑离拉伸,黑色箭头指示聚敛挤压;图中绿色充填区为中生代沉降中心,蓝色充填区为新生代沉降中心区。主断裂位置主要以现今断裂位置示意。

Fig.10 Stress mechanisms during the formation of the Gonghe Basin. Fault deformation ages and properties adapted from: [8-9],①;[88],②;[109],③;[110],④;[89-90],⑤;[95],⑥;[97],⑦;[111],⑧;[112],⑨;[113],⑩;[30],⑪.

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青海共和盆地结构构造与能源资源潜力

Structural architecture and energy resource potential of Gonghe Basin, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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