青海共和盆地地热流体地球化学特征及热储水-岩相互作用过程

doi:10.13745/j.esf.2020.1.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地热流体地球化学组成及其运移规律和成因机制研究对地热资源勘查和开发利用具有重要意义。当前,青海省地热资源开发利用程度低,更缺乏针对地热流体地球化学特征进行深入研究的系统性工作。青海共和盆地是青藏高原北缘的一个断陷盆地,盆地内地热资源丰富。本文以共和盆地及周围部分山区的地热系统为研究对象,基于系统地球化学采样和测试开展了地热流体地球化学组成及热储水-岩相互作用过程分析,认为:从共和下更新统热储、新近系热储到鄂拉山构造岩浆带再到瓦里贡山构造岩浆带,地热水中SiO₂含量依次升高,反映热储温度依次升高;上述地热地区热储中原生铝硅酸盐矿物的溶解和蚀变矿物的形成是控制地热水中阳离子含量的最重要的水文地球化学过程,而补给水下渗和地热水径流及升流过程中盐类矿物的溶滤则是水中阴离子(特别是 $SO 4 2 -$ 和Cl^-)的主要来源。

关键词: 地热流体, 水文地球化学特征, 水-岩相互作用, 共和盆地

Abstract:

Investigations of the geochemical compositions of geothermal fluids as well as their movements and geneses are of great significance for the exploration and exploitation of hydrothermal resources. Currently, the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources in Qinghai Province are not well developed, and more seriously, there is a lack of systematic studies on the geochemical features of the geothermal fluids there. The Gonghe Basin of Qinghai Province, located in the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a rift basin formed in the early Cenozoic where abundant geothermal resources occur. With the geothermal areas in and around the basin as the study areas, we determined the geochemical compositions of the geothermal fluids and investigated the water-rock interactions occurring in the reservoirs based on systematic geochemical sampling and subsequent hydrochemical analyses. The results showed that the SiO₂ concentrations of the geothermal waters displayed an increase trend from the Lower Pleistocene and Neogene reservoirs within the Gonghe Basin to the Ela and Waligong tectonic-magmatic belts, implying that the reservoir temperatures increased in the same way. The dissolution of primary aluminosilicate minerals and the formation of hydrothermally altered minerals in the reservoirs are the predominant hydrogeochemical processes controlling the concentrations of major cations in the geothermal waters, while the leaching of salty minerals during the infiltration of the recharging waters and the runoff and upflow of the geothermal waters made a substantial contribution to the occurrence of major anions, especially $SO 4 2 -$ and Cl^-.

Key words: geothermal fluid, hydrogeochemical characteristics, water-rock interaction, Gonghe Basin

中图分类号:

P641.3
P314

马月花, 唐保春, 苏生云, 张盛生, 李成英. 青海共和盆地地热流体地球化学特征及热储水-岩相互作用过程[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(1): 123-133.

MA Yuehua, TANG Baochun, SU Shengyun, ZHANG Shengsheng, LI Chengying. Geochemical characteristics of geothermal fluids and water-rock interaction in geothermal reservoirs in and around the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(1): 123-133.

图/表 9

表1 地热水样的现场指标与水化学组成

Table 1 In-situ parameters and hydrochemical compositions of geothermal water samples

样品编号	采样温度/℃	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)												pH	EC /(μS·cm^-1)	阴阳离子平衡误差
样品编号	采样温度/℃	F	Cl	HCO₃	SO₄	B	Ca	K	Mg	Na	Li	SiO₂	TDS	pH	EC /(μS·cm^-1)	阴阳离子平衡误差
GH-G-001	67.0	3.60	678.4	603.8	135.6	26.40	45.7	12.1	1.8	576.5	9.1	58.20	1 921	7.73	3 807	-5.33
GH-G-002	39.0	1.70	611.5	323.8	140.8	1.60	19.7	4.4	7.8	481.2	0.2	25.30	1 410	8.08	2 806	-6.37
GH-G-003	38.5	2.50	489.2	404.6	205.3	6.10	10.2	3.0	3.8	482.4	0.5	22.90	1 386	8.23	2 769	-6.90
GH-G-004	27.5	0.40	771.7	165.6	262.5	0.80	47.9	6.4	13.9	495.8	0.2	24.40	1 619	7.57	3 239	-8.53
GH-G-005	40.7	0.30	812.7	130.5	270.4	0.70	48.3	6.5	11.5	509.7	0.2	26.60	1 698	7.98	3 392	-8.97
GH-G-006	26.9	0.20	264.3	157.4	186.0	0.50	43.8	4.3	17.6	234.3	0.2	24.00	813	8.35	1 683	-0.40
XH-G-001	60.2	6.70	132.7	148.7	319.1	2.20	33.0	19.6	4.2	255.2	1.3	100.10	852	7.74	1 709	1.62
XH-G-002	55.8	5.90	135.3	147.1	322.2	2.10	43.1	20.1	5.9	253.9	1.2	87.20	788.5	7.66	1 576	3.42
XH-G-003	55.6	5.40	131.5	158.4	315.9	2.40	49.2	22.7	6.9	268.6	1.1	91.30	823.8	7.61	1 648	7.29
XH-G-004	54.7	5.70	138.4	154.5	333.8	2.00	42.6	18.4	6.9	213.4	1.1	78.20	808.7	7.62	1 617	-5.66
XH-G-005	46.9	3.90	87.4	171.6	222.6	1.50	47.3	13.3	9.3	158.0	0.8	58.00	571	7.72	1 146	0.03
XH-G-006	47.0	9.40	170.9	151.9	397.0	2.40	28.0	20.9	2.1	272.5	1.5	97.80	950.4	8.26	1 903	-7.22
XH-C-001	5.3	0.74	21.8	225.59	34.9	0.32	55.3	3.6	13.6	20.1	0.0	10.37	220.3	7.74	441	-6.55
GD-G-001	83.8	8.80	686.5	74.1	216.2	7.20	35.9	43.7	1.1	484.6	8.9	229.70	1 620	7.83	3 241	-0.39
GD-G-002	64.3	9.20	745.2	76.8	232.0	6.30	32.1	38.9	1.1	434.8	9.5	203.70	1 405	8.09	2 804	-9.37
GD-G-003	42.1	8.00	674.4	70.5	208.7	6.70	34.0	40.8	0.9	449.0	9.8	216.90	1 553	8.55	3 105	-3.08
GD-G-004	86.2	9.00	715.3	76.5	221.3	6.30	31.2	38.6	0.9	425.8	9.4	209.70	1 653	8.07	3 299	-8.38
GD-G-005	19.7	1.80	136.0	400	163.5	1.30	50.1	5.3	32.2	240.7	0.9	19.70	750.9	7.57	1 504	6.35
GD-G-006	80.1	8.20	272.0	35.7	466.1	8.60	58.3	19.3	1.4	350.5	7.0	138.50	2 736	8.63	5 486	2.98
GD-G-007	69.2	8.30	283.6	50.6	477.3	7.80	55.4	16.0	0.8	310.7	5.3	118.40	1 164	8.26	2 328	-5.73

表1 地热水样的现场指标与水化学组成

Table 1 In-situ parameters and hydrochemical compositions of geothermal water samples

样品编号	采样温度/℃	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)												pH	EC /(μS·cm^-1)	阴阳离子平衡误差
样品编号	采样温度/℃	F	Cl	HCO₃	SO₄	B	Ca	K	Mg	Na	Li	SiO₂	TDS	pH	EC /(μS·cm^-1)	阴阳离子平衡误差
GH-G-001	67.0	3.60	678.4	603.8	135.6	26.40	45.7	12.1	1.8	576.5	9.1	58.20	1 921	7.73	3 807	-5.33
GH-G-002	39.0	1.70	611.5	323.8	140.8	1.60	19.7	4.4	7.8	481.2	0.2	25.30	1 410	8.08	2 806	-6.37
GH-G-003	38.5	2.50	489.2	404.6	205.3	6.10	10.2	3.0	3.8	482.4	0.5	22.90	1 386	8.23	2 769	-6.90
GH-G-004	27.5	0.40	771.7	165.6	262.5	0.80	47.9	6.4	13.9	495.8	0.2	24.40	1 619	7.57	3 239	-8.53
GH-G-005	40.7	0.30	812.7	130.5	270.4	0.70	48.3	6.5	11.5	509.7	0.2	26.60	1 698	7.98	3 392	-8.97
GH-G-006	26.9	0.20	264.3	157.4	186.0	0.50	43.8	4.3	17.6	234.3	0.2	24.00	813	8.35	1 683	-0.40
XH-G-001	60.2	6.70	132.7	148.7	319.1	2.20	33.0	19.6	4.2	255.2	1.3	100.10	852	7.74	1 709	1.62
XH-G-002	55.8	5.90	135.3	147.1	322.2	2.10	43.1	20.1	5.9	253.9	1.2	87.20	788.5	7.66	1 576	3.42
XH-G-003	55.6	5.40	131.5	158.4	315.9	2.40	49.2	22.7	6.9	268.6	1.1	91.30	823.8	7.61	1 648	7.29
XH-G-004	54.7	5.70	138.4	154.5	333.8	2.00	42.6	18.4	6.9	213.4	1.1	78.20	808.7	7.62	1 617	-5.66
XH-G-005	46.9	3.90	87.4	171.6	222.6	1.50	47.3	13.3	9.3	158.0	0.8	58.00	571	7.72	1 146	0.03
XH-G-006	47.0	9.40	170.9	151.9	397.0	2.40	28.0	20.9	2.1	272.5	1.5	97.80	950.4	8.26	1 903	-7.22
XH-C-001	5.3	0.74	21.8	225.59	34.9	0.32	55.3	3.6	13.6	20.1	0.0	10.37	220.3	7.74	441	-6.55
GD-G-001	83.8	8.80	686.5	74.1	216.2	7.20	35.9	43.7	1.1	484.6	8.9	229.70	1 620	7.83	3 241	-0.39
GD-G-002	64.3	9.20	745.2	76.8	232.0	6.30	32.1	38.9	1.1	434.8	9.5	203.70	1 405	8.09	2 804	-9.37
GD-G-003	42.1	8.00	674.4	70.5	208.7	6.70	34.0	40.8	0.9	449.0	9.8	216.90	1 553	8.55	3 105	-3.08
GD-G-004	86.2	9.00	715.3	76.5	221.3	6.30	31.2	38.6	0.9	425.8	9.4	209.70	1 653	8.07	3 299	-8.38
GD-G-005	19.7	1.80	136.0	400	163.5	1.30	50.1	5.3	32.2	240.7	0.9	19.70	750.9	7.57	1 504	6.35
GD-G-006	80.1	8.20	272.0	35.7	466.1	8.60	58.3	19.3	1.4	350.5	7.0	138.50	2 736	8.63	5 486	2.98
GD-G-007	69.2	8.30	283.6	50.6	477.3	7.80	55.4	16.0	0.8	310.7	5.3	118.40	1 164	8.26	2 328	-5.73

图1 共和盆地地质图与代表性地热水样分布

Fig.1 Geological map of the Gonghe Basin and distribution of representative geothermal water samples

图2 地热水样Piper图

Fig.2 Piper diagram of the geothermal water samples

图3 共和盆地、鄂拉山构造岩浆带、瓦里贡山构造岩浆带地热水中主要离子组成 a—共和盆地;b—鄂拉山构造岩浆带;c—瓦里贡山构造岩浆带。

Fig.3 Pie charts of major ions in geothermal waters from the Gonghe Basin as well as the Ela and Waligong tectonic-magmatic belts

图4 地热水中Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、 HCO 3 -、Cl-和 SO 4 2 -平均质量浓度柱状图

Fig.4 Histograms of the average concentrations of Na+, Ca2+,Mg2+, HCO 3 -, Cl- and SO 4 2 - in the geothermal waters

图5 地热水中Ca2+与 SO 4 2 -的关系

Fig.5 Relationship between Ca2+and SO 4 2 - in the geothermal waters

图6 Na+-K+-Mg2+三角图

Fig.6 Na+-K+-Mg2+ triangle diagram

表2 传统地热温度计[18]

Table 2 Traditional geothermometers. Adapted from [18].

地热温度计	代号	表达式
石英(Truesdell,1977)^[19]	温度计1	T=1 315/(5.205-lgm)-273.15
石英(Fournier,1977)^[7]	温度计2	T=1 309/(5.19-lgm)-273.15
石英(Rimstidt,1997)^[20]	温度计3	T=-1 107/(lgm+0.025 4)-273.5
石英(Verma等,1997)^[21]	温度计4	T=-44.119+0.244 69m-1.741 4×10^-4m²+79.305×lgm
玉髓(Fournier,1977)^[7]	温度计5	T=1 032/(4.69-lgm)-273.15
Na/K(Truesdell,1976)^[22]	温度计6	T=856/(lg(Na/K)+0.857)-273.15
Na/K(Fournier等,1979)^[16]	温度计7	T=1 217/(lg(Na/K)+1.483)-273.15
Na/K(Arnorsson,1983)^[23]	温度计8	T=933/(lg(Na/K)+0.993)-273.15
Na/K(Giggenbach,1988)^[14]	温度计9	T=1 390/(lg(Na/K)+1.75)-273.15
Na/K(Verma等,1997)^[21]	温度计10	T=1 289/(lg(Na/K)+1.615)-273.15
Na/K/Ca(Fournier,1979)^[16]	温度计11	$T = 1647 lg Na K + β lg Ca Na + 2.06 + 2.47 - 273.15$
Na/Li (Kharaka等,1982)^[24]	温度计12	T=1 590/(lg(Na/Li)+0.779)-273.15
Na/Li (Verma等,1997)^[21]	温度计13	T=1 049/(lg(Na/Li)+0.44)-273.15
Li/Mg(Kharaka等,1989)^[25]	温度计14	$T = 2200 lg Li Mg + 5.47 - 273.15$
K/Mg(Giggenbach,1988)^[14]	温度计15	$T = 4410 lg K Mg + 14.00 - 273.15$

表2 传统地热温度计[18]

Table 2 Traditional geothermometers. Adapted from [18].

地热温度计	代号	表达式
石英(Truesdell,1977)^[19]	温度计1	T=1 315/(5.205-lgm)-273.15
石英(Fournier,1977)^[7]	温度计2	T=1 309/(5.19-lgm)-273.15
石英(Rimstidt,1997)^[20]	温度计3	T=-1 107/(lgm+0.025 4)-273.5
石英(Verma等,1997)^[21]	温度计4	T=-44.119+0.244 69m-1.741 4×10^-4m²+79.305×lgm
玉髓(Fournier,1977)^[7]	温度计5	T=1 032/(4.69-lgm)-273.15
Na/K(Truesdell,1976)^[22]	温度计6	T=856/(lg(Na/K)+0.857)-273.15
Na/K(Fournier等,1979)^[16]	温度计7	T=1 217/(lg(Na/K)+1.483)-273.15
Na/K(Arnorsson,1983)^[23]	温度计8	T=933/(lg(Na/K)+0.993)-273.15
Na/K(Giggenbach,1988)^[14]	温度计9	T=1 390/(lg(Na/K)+1.75)-273.15
Na/K(Verma等,1997)^[21]	温度计10	T=1 289/(lg(Na/K)+1.615)-273.15
Na/K/Ca(Fournier,1979)^[16]	温度计11	$T = 1647 lg Na K + β lg Ca Na + 2.06 + 2.47 - 273.15$
Na/Li (Kharaka等,1982)^[24]	温度计12	T=1 590/(lg(Na/Li)+0.779)-273.15
Na/Li (Verma等,1997)^[21]	温度计13	T=1 049/(lg(Na/Li)+0.44)-273.15
Li/Mg(Kharaka等,1989)^[25]	温度计14	$T = 2200 lg Li Mg + 5.47 - 273.15$
K/Mg(Giggenbach,1988)^[14]	温度计15	$T = 4410 lg K Mg + 14.00 - 273.15$

表3 不同温度计计算的热储温度

Table 3 Estimated reservoir temperatures using a variety of geothermometers

取样编号	T/℃
取样编号	温度计1	温度计2	温度计3	温度计4	温度计5	温度计6	温度计7	温度计8	温度计9	温度计10	温度计11	温度计12	温度计13	温度计14	温度计15
GH-G-001	109.1	109.0	97.4	109.5	79.7	64.3	111.7	76.0	132.2	118.1	119.7	342.5	334.2	76.2	21.8
GH-G-002	72.8	72.6	57.4	73.3	40.9	22.5	72.4	34.6	93.7	79.6	91.5	108.8	44.1	235.8	37.5
GH-G-003	68.9	68.7	53.2	69.3	36.8	6.8	57.2	19.0	78.7	64.7	82.5	148.5	86.6	178.5	37.6
GH-G-004	71.3	71.1	55.8	71.8	39.3	38.5	87.7	50.5	108.7	94.6	98.8	107.2	42.4	251.6	36.7
GH-G-005	74.8	74.6	59.6	75.3	43.0	37.9	87.1	49.9	108.2	94.1	98.6	97.4	32.3	258.9	35.6
GH-G-006	70.7	70.4	55.1	71.1	38.7	56.7	104.7	68.5	125.3	111.3	103.0	126.8	63.1	274.0	41.6
XH-G-001	137.2	137.3	129.1	137.3	110.6	160.8	195.2	169.3	211.9	198.9	169.2	246.1	202.3	143.4	21.3
XH-G-002	129.7	129.7	120.5	129.8	102.2	163.8	197.7	172.2	214.2	201.3	168.5	237.8	191.8	153.5	22.5
XH-G-003	132.1	132.2	123.3	132.2	104.9	170.4	203.0	178.5	219.3	206.4	171.8	228.9	180.7	158.8	22.1
XH-G-004	123.9	123.9	113.9	124.1	95.8	172.1	204.4	180.1	220.6	207.8	169.9	245.3	201.3	158.9	23.9
XH-G-005	108.9	108.8	97.1	109.3	79.4	170.0	202.6	178.1	218.9	206.1	162.8	244.0	199.6	176.9	28.1
XH-G-006	135.9	135.9	127.6	136.0	109.1	160.7	195.1	169.2	211.8	198.8	171.7	251.2	208.7	127.5	17.8
GD-G-001	189.3	189.6	189.7	190.2	170.0	177.0	208.4	184.8	224.3	211.5	188.8	358.9	358.8	71.2	9.3
GD-G-002	180.9	181.2	179.8	181.6	160.3	176.2	207.7	184.0	223.6	210.9	187.4	378.2	388.6	69.3	10.1
GD-G-003	185.2	185.5	184.9	186.0	165.3	177.7	208.9	185.4	224.8	212.0	188.3	378.2	388.6	65.6	8.7
GD-G-004	182.9	183.2	182.2	183.6	162.6	177.5	208.7	185.2	224.6	211.9	188.0	380.1	391.4	67.2	9.4
GD-G-005	63.2	63.0	47.0	63.4	30.9	67.2	114.3	78.8	134.7	120.7	109.5	222.7	173.0	197.9	42.5
GD-G-006	156.1	156.2	150.8	156.2	131.8	131.4	170.7	141.2	188.8	175.4	153.4	368.3	373.2	79.5	16.8
GD-G-007	146.7	146.8	140.0	146.8	121.2	125.9	166.0	135.9	184.4	170.9	148.7	350.3	345.8	78.8	15.8

表3 不同温度计计算的热储温度

Table 3 Estimated reservoir temperatures using a variety of geothermometers

取样编号	T/℃
取样编号	温度计1	温度计2	温度计3	温度计4	温度计5	温度计6	温度计7	温度计8	温度计9	温度计10	温度计11	温度计12	温度计13	温度计14	温度计15
GH-G-001	109.1	109.0	97.4	109.5	79.7	64.3	111.7	76.0	132.2	118.1	119.7	342.5	334.2	76.2	21.8
GH-G-002	72.8	72.6	57.4	73.3	40.9	22.5	72.4	34.6	93.7	79.6	91.5	108.8	44.1	235.8	37.5
GH-G-003	68.9	68.7	53.2	69.3	36.8	6.8	57.2	19.0	78.7	64.7	82.5	148.5	86.6	178.5	37.6
GH-G-004	71.3	71.1	55.8	71.8	39.3	38.5	87.7	50.5	108.7	94.6	98.8	107.2	42.4	251.6	36.7
GH-G-005	74.8	74.6	59.6	75.3	43.0	37.9	87.1	49.9	108.2	94.1	98.6	97.4	32.3	258.9	35.6
GH-G-006	70.7	70.4	55.1	71.1	38.7	56.7	104.7	68.5	125.3	111.3	103.0	126.8	63.1	274.0	41.6
XH-G-001	137.2	137.3	129.1	137.3	110.6	160.8	195.2	169.3	211.9	198.9	169.2	246.1	202.3	143.4	21.3
XH-G-002	129.7	129.7	120.5	129.8	102.2	163.8	197.7	172.2	214.2	201.3	168.5	237.8	191.8	153.5	22.5
XH-G-003	132.1	132.2	123.3	132.2	104.9	170.4	203.0	178.5	219.3	206.4	171.8	228.9	180.7	158.8	22.1
XH-G-004	123.9	123.9	113.9	124.1	95.8	172.1	204.4	180.1	220.6	207.8	169.9	245.3	201.3	158.9	23.9
XH-G-005	108.9	108.8	97.1	109.3	79.4	170.0	202.6	178.1	218.9	206.1	162.8	244.0	199.6	176.9	28.1
XH-G-006	135.9	135.9	127.6	136.0	109.1	160.7	195.1	169.2	211.8	198.8	171.7	251.2	208.7	127.5	17.8
GD-G-001	189.3	189.6	189.7	190.2	170.0	177.0	208.4	184.8	224.3	211.5	188.8	358.9	358.8	71.2	9.3
GD-G-002	180.9	181.2	179.8	181.6	160.3	176.2	207.7	184.0	223.6	210.9	187.4	378.2	388.6	69.3	10.1
GD-G-003	185.2	185.5	184.9	186.0	165.3	177.7	208.9	185.4	224.8	212.0	188.3	378.2	388.6	65.6	8.7
GD-G-004	182.9	183.2	182.2	183.6	162.6	177.5	208.7	185.2	224.6	211.9	188.0	380.1	391.4	67.2	9.4
GD-G-005	63.2	63.0	47.0	63.4	30.9	67.2	114.3	78.8	134.7	120.7	109.5	222.7	173.0	197.9	42.5
GD-G-006	156.1	156.2	150.8	156.2	131.8	131.4	170.7	141.2	188.8	175.4	153.4	368.3	373.2	79.5	16.8
GD-G-007	146.7	146.8	140.0	146.8	121.2	125.9	166.0	135.9	184.4	170.9	148.7	350.3	345.8	78.8	15.8

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