典型高温地热系统水热循环及锂同位素分馏过程模拟研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.12

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 104-119.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.12

典型高温地热系统水热循环及锂同位素分馏过程模拟研究

石鸿蕾¹^,²^,³(), 王婉丽¹^,², 王贵玲¹^,²^,^*(), 邢林啸¹^,², 陆川¹^,², 赵佳怡¹^,², 刘禄¹^,²^,⁴, 宋嘉佳¹^,²^,⁵

1.中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所, 河北石家庄 050061
2.自然资源部地热与干热岩勘查开发技术创新中心, 河北石家庄 050061
3.中国地质环境监测院, 北京 100081
4.中国地质大学生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430074
5.合肥工业大学资源与环境工程学院, 安徽合肥 230009

收稿日期:2024-02-12 修回日期:2024-04-23 出版日期:2024-11-25 发布日期:2024-11-25
通信作者: *王贵玲(1964—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事地热资源调查评价方面研究工作。E-mail: guilingw@163.com
作者简介:石鸿蕾(1995—),男,博士,主要从事地热系统数值模拟相关研究工作。E-mail: hongleis@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1507300);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1507302);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20230019);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20221676)

Numerical simulation of hydrothermal cycling process and lithium isotope fractionation in a typical high-temperature geothermal system

SHI Honglei¹^,²^,³(), WANG Wanli¹^,², WANG Guiling¹^,²^,^*(), XING Linxiao¹^,², LU Chuan¹^,², ZHAO Jiayi¹^,², LIU Lu¹^,²^,⁴, SONG Jiajia¹^,²^,⁵

1. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2. Technological Innovation Center for Geothermal & Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
3. China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100081, China
4. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
5. School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China

Received:2024-02-12 Revised:2024-04-23 Online:2024-11-25 Published:2024-11-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水热系统中的多场耦合相互作用对水热循环过程和地热流体化学成分具有显著的影响。本文利用COMSOL-Multiphysics建立水—热—化学(同位素)多场耦合数值模拟模型,通过简化模型对锂同位素分馏模拟方法进行了验证。在此基础上,基于对羊八井地热田水热循环过程的认识,建立了羊八井典型剖面水热循环多场耦合模型;再现了羊八井地热系统的水热循环过程和水岩反应过程中的锂同位素分馏过程,并且讨论了主要的参数对热能聚敛效果的影响。结果表明:较高的断裂带渗透率将加快深部断裂带附近围岩温度的下降,而较低的渗透率则无法在近地表形成一定规模的水热活动;通过地表排泄量对断裂带渗透率进行约束后,发现当断裂带与深部熔融体直接沟通时,才可在近地表形成长期存在(近150 ka)的高温地热显示;在断裂带沟通了深部熔融体且熔融体热源温度不变的前提下,熔融体的具体埋深对水热活动强烈程度的影响不大;长期的水岩活动会使断裂带内锂元素大量消耗,只有当深部熔融体为断裂系统提供持续不断的物质来源时,才能保证地热流体中长期保持较高的锂元素浓度水平;基于锂同位素分馏过程估算出参与水岩反应的岩体中锂元素质量分数为25~35 mg/kg,δ⁷Li_rock为-2.0‰~0.5‰。研究成果有助于进一步认识典型高温地热系统成因机制模式。

关键词: 典型高温地热系统, 水热循环, 水岩反应, 多场耦合模型, 锂同位素

Abstract:

Multifield coupling interactions have significant effects on hydrothermal cycles and geothermal fluid chemistry in hydrothermal systems. In this paper, a hydraulic-thermal-chemical (isotope) multifield numerical simulation model is developed using COMSOL-Multiphysics, and the simulation method for lithium isotope fractionation is validated by a simplified profile model. On this basis, a multifield coupling model of the hydrothermal cycle in a typical profile of Yangbajing is established based on the understanding of the hydrothermal cycling process in the Yangbajing geothermal field. Futher, the hydrothermal cycling of the Yangbajing geothermal system and lithium isotope fractionation under water-rock reactions are reproduced, and the influence of the main model parameters on the effect of thermal energy convergence is discussed. The results indicated that high fracture-zone permeability accelerated temperature decline in wall rock near the deep fracture zone, while low permeability limited near-surface hydrothermal activity. After constraining the fracture-zone permeability by surface drainage, it was found that long-lived (nearly 150 ka) high-temperature geothermal features could form near the surface, but only when the fracture zone made direct contact with the deep melt. Provided that such contact occurred and the temperature of the melt heat source remained constant, the depth of the melt had little effect on hydrothermal activity. Prolonged water-rock interactions could lead to significant lithium depletion in the fracture zone, and only when the deep melts provided a continuous source of material for the fracture system could it guarrantee sustained high lithium concentration in geothermal fluids. Based on the lithium isotope fractionation process, the estimated mass fraction of lithium in the involved rocks was ~25—35 mg/kg, and the value of δ⁷Li_rock was ~-2.0‰—0.5‰. The research results contribute to the further understanding of the formation of typical high-temperature geothermal systems.

Key words: typical high-temperature geothermal system, hydrothermal cycle, water-rock reaction, multifield coupling model, lithium isotope

中图分类号:

P314.1
P597

石鸿蕾, 王婉丽, 王贵玲, 邢林啸, 陆川, 赵佳怡, 刘禄, 宋嘉佳. 典型高温地热系统水热循环及锂同位素分馏过程模拟研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(6): 104-119.

SHI Honglei, WANG Wanli, WANG Guiling, XING Linxiao, LU Chuan, ZHAO Jiayi, LIU Lu, SONG Jiajia. Numerical simulation of hydrothermal cycling process and lithium isotope fractionation in a typical high-temperature geothermal system[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 104-119.

图/表 19

图1 研究区及典型剖面位置示意图

Fig.1 Locations of the study area and typical profiles

图2 念青唐古拉花岗岩侵位与伸展构造图(据文献[18-19]修改)

Fig.2 Tectonic setting of the Nyenching Tanggula granite intrusion and extension. Modified after [18-19].

图3 简化的同位素分馏验证模型几何及网格 a—模型几何面;b—模型网格。

Fig.3 Simplified model geometry and grids in the validation of isotopic fractionation

图4 不同指前因子Af条件下的锂元素质量浓度变化

Fig.4 Variation of lithium concentrations under different pre-exponential factors

图5 模型出口处岩石与流体中锂元素质量浓度的变化 a—流体中和岩石中的6Li质量浓度变化;b—流体中和岩石中的7Li质量浓度变化。

Fig.5 Variation of lithium concentrations in rocks and fluids at the model exit

图6 出口处流体及岩石中的锂同位素组成 a—水岩反应锋面未到达出口时;b—水岩反应锋面到达出口后。

Fig.6 Lithium isotopic compositions in fluids and rocks at the model exit

图7 羊八井典型剖面模型几何结构及网格剖分情况 a—模型几何结构;b—模型网格剖分。

Fig.7 Typical Yangbajing profile model geometry and grids

表1 研究区及邻区大地热流数据表

Table 1 Geodetic heat flow data for the study area and adjacent area

测点位置	井号	线性增温段深度/m	K/(W·m^-1·K^-1)	Q/(mW·m^-2)	热流类型
拉萨北郊	Geoth-1	240~600	2.711	66	传导型
马区	Geoth-2	460~530	2.972	106	传导型
羊八井	ZK308	1 030~1 410	2.320	108	传导型
羊应乡	ZK201	140~190	1.578	364	对流传导型
拉多岗	ZK203	70~140	2.712	338	对流传导型

表2 模型主要参数及取值范围

Table 2 Model parameters

参数	基底孔隙率/%	断裂带孔隙率/%	流体密度/ (kg·m^-3)	岩石密度/ (kg·m^-3)	流体黏度/(Pa·s)
取值范围及计算函数	1	10~30	ρ(T,TDS)	2 600	μ(T,TDS)
参数	基底渗透率/m²	断裂带渗透率/m²	岩石热导率/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)	水的热导率/ (W·m^-1·K^-1)	水的比热容/ (J·kg^-1·K^-1)
取值范围及计算函数	k(z)	10^-15~10^-13	2.5	0.56	4 200
参数	岩石比热容/ (J·kg^-1·K^-1)	放射性生热率/ (μW·m^-3)	熔融体温度/℃	熔融体埋深/km	底部边界热流/ (mW·m^-2)
取值范围	750	1.6	600	6~10	66
参数	反应活化能/ (kJ·mol^-1)	化学反应常数/s^-1	摩尔气体常数/ (kJ·mol^-1·K^-1)	岩石锂元素质量分数/ (mg·kg^-1)	岩石锂同位素组成 δ⁷Li/‰
取值范围	80	0.01	8.314 56	20~35	-3.5~0.5

图8 模型背景地温场模拟结果

Fig.8 Baseline geothermal field in the study area by modeling

图9 不同断裂带渗透率条件下的深部水热循环过程 —f为断裂带渗透率1×10-15 m2的结果;图g—l为断裂带渗透率1×10-14 m2的结果;图m—r为断裂带渗透率1×10-13 m2的结果。

图a Deep hydrothermal cycling processes under different fracture-zone permeability

图10 不同断裂带渗透率条件下的热储温度变化曲线 a—浅部热储平均温度;b—深部热储最高温度。

Fig.10 Geothermal reservoir temperature variations under different fracture-zone permeability

图11 不同断裂带渗透率条件下地表排泄量的变化

Fig.11 Variations in surface discharge under different fracture-zone permeability

图12 不同断裂带沟通深度条件下的深部水热循环过程图a—f为断裂带沟通深度6 km的模拟结果;图g—l为断裂带沟通深度8 km的模拟结果;图m—r为断裂带沟通深度10 km的模拟结果。

Fig.12 Deep hydrothermal cycling processes under different fracture depths

图13 不同断裂带沟通深度条件下的热储温度变化 a—浅部热储平均温度;b—深部热储最高温度。

Fig.13 Geothermal reservoir temperature variations under different fracture depths

图14 不同熔融体埋深情况下的水热循环过程图a—f为熔融体热源埋深6 km的模拟结果;图g—l为熔融体热源埋深8 km的模拟结果;图m—r为熔融体热源埋深10 km的模拟结果。

Fig.14 Hydrothermal cycling processes under different melt burial depths

图15 不同熔融体深度下的热储温度变化 a—浅部热储平均温度;b—深部热储最高温度。

Fig.15 Geothermal reservoir temperature variations under different melt depths

图16 不同孔隙率条件下排泄区锂元素质量浓度变化 a—不考虑熔融体提供物质来源;b—考虑熔融体提供物质来源。

Fig.16 Variations of lithium concentrations in the discharge area under different porosity

图17 排泄区地热流体中的锂元素质量浓度及锂同位素组成δ7Li a—锂元素质量浓度;b—锂同位素组成δ7Li。

Fig.17 Lithium concentrations and δ7Li values in geothermal fluids in the discharge area

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典型高温地热系统水热循环及锂同位素分馏过程模拟研究

Numerical simulation of hydrothermal cycling process and lithium isotope fractionation in a typical high-temperature geothermal system

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