我国陆区大地热流测量新进展与新认识

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.8

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 19-30.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.8

我国陆区大地热流测量新进展与新认识

刘峰¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 王贵玲¹^,²^,^*(), 姜光政⁵^,^*(), 胡圣标⁶, 张薇¹^,², 蔺文静¹^,², 刘金辉⁷, 张心勇⁸, 屈泽伟⁹, 廖传志⁵

1.中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所, 河北石家庄 050061
2.自然资源部地热与干热岩勘查开发技术创新中心, 河北石家庄 050061
3.多资源协同陆相页岩油绿色开采全国重点实验室, 北京 100083
4.中国地质调查局非常规油气地质重点实验室, 北京 100083
5.成都理工大学能源学院, 四川成都 610059
6.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029
7.东华理工大学, 江西南昌 330013
8.黑龙江省生态地质调查研究院, 黑龙江哈尔滨 150030
9.四川省地质工程勘察院集团有限公司, 四川成都 610072

收稿日期:2024-01-25 修回日期:2024-04-29 出版日期:2024-11-25 发布日期:2024-11-25
通信作者: *王贵玲(1964—),男,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事地热地质与地热资源成因机制方面的研究工作。E-mail: guilingw@163.com;姜光政(1987—),男,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事大地热流测量和地热资源评价方面的研究工作。E-mail: jiangguangzheng@cdut.edu.cn
作者简介:刘峰(1988—),男,副研究员,主要从事地热地质、岩石圈热结构研究工作。E-mail: xtliufeng@foxmail.com
基金资助:
国家重点实验室开放课题“华北平原典型构造区地热资源形成背景与生热机制”;中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20221676-1);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20190128)

Recent advances in heat flow measurement and new understanding of terrestrial heat flow distribution in terrestrial areas of China

LIU Feng¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), WANG Guiling¹^,²^,^*(), JIANG Guangzheng⁵^,^*(), HU Shengbiao⁶, ZHANG Wei¹^,², LIN Wenjing¹^,², LIU Jinhui⁷, ZHANG Xinyong⁸, QU Zewei⁹, LIAO Chuanzhi⁵

1. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2. Technological Innovation Center of Geothermal & Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil, Beijing 100083, China
4. Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geomechanics, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100083, China
5. College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
6. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
7. East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
8. Heilongjiang General Institute of Ecological Survey and Research, Harbin 150030, China
9. Sichuan Institute of Geological Engineering Investigation Group Co.Ltd., Chengdu 610072, China

Received:2024-01-25 Revised:2024-04-29 Online:2024-11-25 Published:2024-11-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大地热流值是开展地热研究的基础关键参数。本文在分析历次汇编热流数据的基础上,对2016年以来作者实测(260组)与收集筛选(112组)的热流数据特征进行了说明与分析。新增大地热流数据共372组,在空间上有效填补了西南、西北和东北地区的大片测点空白,提高了东部地区热流测点密度,同时将高质量测点数据占比提升至86.3%,较历次汇编的热流数据在覆盖范围、测点密度、数据质量等方面均有较大提升。依托以上热流数据统计得出我国陆区大地热流平均值为63.8 mW/m²,高于第四次汇编时的全国平均值,其中大部分一级、二级构造单元热流平均值均有提高,青藏高原各构造单元热流平均值则相对降低。典型地热系统热流数据统计显示,高热流背景的存在可明显提高传导型地热资源的分布范围与对流型地热系统的显示温度,但不是两类地热资源形成的控制因素。基于最新成果,对青藏高原低热流区域范围增大、华北平原早期热流“高估”、长白山热流指示岩浆囊存在等现象与问题进行了讨论,指出我国现有热流测点仍相对较少,随着大地热流值测量技术方法的不断更新与规范以及测点数量—质量与覆盖范围的进一步提升,以往对各区域地热分布特征的定性与定量认知可能需要重新审视。以上成果加深了对全国及各区域地热背景的认识,可为区域地热基础研究及资源勘查提供更好的支撑。

关键词: 大地热流, 中国陆区, 传导型地热资源, 对流型地热资源

Abstract:

Terrestrial heat flow is a key parameter in geothermal researches. Building upon the analyses of previously compiled terrestrial heat flow data, this paper examines the newly measured (260 sets), collected and screened (112 sets) data by authors since 2016. The added heat flow data effectively filled large data gaps in the southwest, northwest and northeast and improved the data density in the eastern region of China mainland. The proportion of high-quality data was improved to 86.3%. Using the latest data the calculated average terrestrial heat flow in China was 63.8 mW/m², higher than the national average value in the fourth compilation, with higher average values found for most of the primary and secondary tectonic units of China and lower values for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The statistics of heat-flow data of typical geothermal systems showed that high average heat flow conditions could significantly improve the distribution range of conductive geothermal resources and the output temperature of hot springs, but were not a controlling factor for the formation of the two types of geothermal resources. Based on the latest terrestrial heat flow data and contour map of China related phenomena and problems were discussed, such as the increase of low heat flow area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the “overestimation” of early heat flow data in the North China Plain, and the existence of heat flow indicator magma sacs in the Changbai Mountain. It was noted that heat flow monitoring stations in China were still relatively few, and, with the continuous updating and standardization of the measurement methods, plus further improvements in data quantity/quality and sampling locations, the previously assessed regional heat flow characteristics might need to be re-examined. This study deepens the understanding of the status of terrestrial heat flow in China, and can provide better support for regional geothermal basic research and resource exploration.

Key words: terrestrial heat flow, land areas of China, conductive geothermal resources, convective geothermal resources

中图分类号:

P314

刘峰, 王贵玲, 姜光政, 胡圣标, 张薇, 蔺文静, 刘金辉, 张心勇, 屈泽伟, 廖传志. 我国陆区大地热流测量新进展与新认识[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(6): 19-30.

LIU Feng, WANG Guiling, JIANG Guangzheng, HU Shengbiao, ZHANG Wei, LIN Wenjing, LIU Jinhui, ZHANG Xinyong, QU Zewei, LIAO Chuanzhi. Recent advances in heat flow measurement and new understanding of terrestrial heat flow distribution in terrestrial areas of China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 19-30.

图/表 9

图1 全国陆区大地热流测点分布图(据文献[11]补充修改) I—阿尔泰—兴蒙造山系;II—额尔齐斯—西拉木伦对接带;III—天山—准噶尔—北山造山系;IV—南天山对接带;V—塔里木陆块区;VI—华北陆块;VII—宽坪—佛子岭对接带;VIII—秦—祁—昆造山系;IX—北羌塘—三江造山系;X—班公湖—双湖—怒江—昌宁—孟连对接带;XI—冈底斯—喜马拉雅造山系;XII—扬子陆块区;XIII—江绍—萍乡—郴州对接带;XIV—华夏造山系;XV—印度陆块;XVI—台东—南海弧盆系。

Fig.1 Distribution map of terrestrial heat flow measurement points in the land areas of China. Modified after [11].

图2 第四次汇编数据(2016年)与本文成果(2021年)中各一级构造单元热流点对比图(构造单元编号见图1)

Fig.2 Comparison of heat flow data sets of each primary structural unit between the forth compilation (2016) and this paper (2021) (See Fig.1 for structural units numbering)

图3 第四次汇编数据(2016年)与本文成果(2021年)中各一级构造单元平均热流值对比图

Fig.3 Comparison of the average terrestrial heat flow values for each primary structural unit between the forth compilation (2016) and this paper (2021)

图4 中国温泉与主要热储盆地分布图(据文献[39]补充修改)

Fig.4 Distribution map of hot springs and major heat storage basins in China. Modified after [39].

表1 我国主要热储盆地大地热流特征统计表

Table 1 Terrestrial heat flow characteristics of major heat storage basins in China

序号	地热地质条件		盆地名称		大地热流测点数量	大地热流/(mW·m^-2)
序号	地热地质条件		盆地名称		大地热流测点数量	数值范围	平均值	中值
1	较好		华北平原		99	46.50~113.90	70.77	68.50
2			松辽盆地		50	38.73~99.97	66.63	66.27
3			苏北盆地		77	45.70~109.70	67.16	66.50
4			下辽河盆地		42	43.50~93.80	65.10	65.30
5			河淮盆地		121	29.70~89.60	56.12	56.90
6			关中平原		31	59.50~88.60	71.50	71.79
7			汾河谷地		16	31.35~97.56	60.35	56.42
8			共和盆地		10	91.84~157.12	111.71	115.94
9			河套平原		9	65.90~85.80	74.46	71.80
10		一般		贵德盆地	3	74.00~79.50	76.50	76.00
11				四川盆地	77	32.80~73.80	53.59	54.00
12				鄂尔多斯盆地	75	34.80~88.71	64.63	65.50
13				江汉平原	14	41.90~66.40	53.59	53.10
14				塔里木盆地	92	26.20~77.00	44.17	43.30
15				准噶尔盆地	45	30.20~56.10	43.14	42.60
16				柴达木盆地	67	32.00~75.00	55.05	54.90
17				银川平原	2	56.10~57.78	56.94
18				西宁盆地	1	48.00	48.00	48.00
19		尚未探获地热资源		二连盆地	24	38.25~102.47	68.85	69.47
20				沁水盆地	13	45.50~93.10	65.22	66.70
21				三江平原	5	38.27~64.72	46.52	43.90
22				银额盆地	10	65.90~99.30	76.94	73.95
23				吐哈盆地	6	40.00~52.00	44.23	42.75

表2 我国主要对流型地热系统分布区带大地热流特征统计表

Table 2 Terrestrial heat flow characteristics of major convective geothermal zones in China

序号	温度范围	对流型地热异常区带名称	大地热流测点数量	大地热流/(mW·m^-2)
序号	温度范围	对流型地热异常区带名称	大地热流测点数量	数值范围	平均值	中值
1	热水(泉口温度 >60℃为主)	西藏—川西—滇西水热活动带	31	43.00~158.12	84.82	77.10
2		腾冲—临沧水热活动带	2	88.80~118.10	103.45
3		滇东水热活动带	10	64.10~92.10	75.01	71.20
4		东南沿海地热异常区	56	41.00~179.23	72.52	69.60
5		台湾地热异常区	62	42.00~138.00	79.77	77.50
6		赣南地热异常区	15	58.60~93.80	73.71	74.60
7		长白山地热异常区	4	70.92~78.00	75.48	76.50
10	温水—温热水 (泉口温度25~ 60 ℃为主)	胶东半岛水热活动带	14	46.50~91.50	62.10	63.25
11		辽东半岛水热活动带	48	32.10~105.00	61.36	59.30
12		上扬子陆块地热异常区	36	44.57~95.42	62.72	59.24
13		燕山周边地热异常区	29	35.25~84.00	53.99	50.88

图5 我国陆区大地热流等值线图

Fig.5 Contour map of the terrestrial heat flow in land areas of China

图6 雄安新区D01井地温梯度 (a)、热导率(b)、生热率(c)、大地热流(d)随深度分布图(据文献[42]补充修改)

Fig.6 Thermal depth profiling in well D01, Xiong’an. Modified after [42]. (a) Temperature gradient. (b) Thermal conductivity. (c) Heat generation rate. (d) Heat flow.

图7 长白山火山下假定有连续岩浆补给源的最佳拟合三维地热模型 (a)及东西向(b,c)和南北向(e,f)热流场、温度场二维切片与断面上4个测温孔地温拟合结果(d,g)对比图(据文献[45]补充修改)

Fig.7 Heat flow measurement and numerical simulation results. Modified after [45]. (a) Best-fitting 3D geothermal model of the assumed magma cooling model. (b, c) Simulated heat flow and 2-D temperature slice in E-W direction. (e, f) Simulated heat flow and 2-D temperature slice in N-S direction. (d, g) Comparison between simulated and measured temperatures of four boreholes.

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我国陆区大地热流测量新进展与新认识

Recent advances in heat flow measurement and new understanding of terrestrial heat flow distribution in terrestrial areas of China

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