稀有金属矿物溶解度对花岗伟晶岩成矿作用的制约

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.7

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (1): 81-92.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.7

• 稀有金属矿床成矿过程及勘查进展 • 上一篇下一篇

稀有金属矿物溶解度对花岗伟晶岩成矿作用的制约

唐勇¹(), 覃山县¹^,², 赵景宇³, 吕正航¹, 刘喜强¹^,², 王宏¹^,², 陈剑争¹^,², 张辉¹^,^*()

1.中国科学院地球化学研究所地球内部物质高温高压院重点实验室, 贵州贵阳 550081
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.宿州学院资源与土木工程学院, 安徽宿州 234000

收稿日期:2020-06-20 修回日期:2021-01-22 出版日期:2022-01-25 发布日期:2022-02-22
通信作者: 张辉
作者简介:唐勇(1980—),男,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事伟晶岩成矿与找矿研究。E-mail: tangyong@vip.gyig.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41773053);国家自然科学基金项目(91962222)

Solubility of rare metals as a constraint on mineralization of granitic pegmatite

TANG Yong¹(), QIN Shanxian¹^,², ZHAO Jingyu³, LÜ Zhenghang¹, LIU Xiqiang¹^,², WANG Hong¹^,², CHEN Jianzheng¹^,², ZHANG Hui¹^,^*()

1. Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth’s Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
2. University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China

Received:2020-06-20 Revised:2021-01-22 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-02-22
Contact: ZHANG Hui

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

花岗伟晶岩型矿床是稀有金属矿床重要的类型之一。在花岗伟晶岩中,稀有金属元素Li、Be、Nb和Ta主要以独立矿物的形式存在,前人对稀有金属独立矿物在硅酸盐熔体中的溶解度及其影响因素展开了系统研究。本文综合分析了已有的实验数据,其结果表明,影响稀有金属独立矿物溶解度最为重要的2个参数是温度(T)和铝饱和指数(ASI)。因此本文建立了稀有金属独立矿物,尤其是铌锰矿和钽锰矿溶解度,与温度(T)和铝饱和指数(ASI)之间的定量关系:
lg [w(Li)/10^-6]=-0.37×[1 000/(T/K)]+4.56,R²=0.44
lg [w(BeO)/10^-6]=-4.21×[1 000/(T/K)]+6.86,R²=0.91
lg [K_sp(Nb)/(mg²·kg^-2)]=-(2.86±0.14)×ASI_(Mn+Li)-(4.95±0.31)×[1 000/(T/K)]+(4.20+0.28),R²=0.86
lg [K_sp(Ta)/(mg²·kg^-2)]=-(2.46±0.11)×ASI_(Mn+Li)-(4.86±0.30)×[1 000/(T/K)]+(4.00+0.30),R²=0.80
式中,温度T为热力学温度,ASI_(Mn+Li)(ASI=Al₂O₃/(CaO+Na₂O+K₂O+Li₂O+MnO),摩尔分数比)和T的适用范围分别为0.6~1.2和1 073~1 373 K的范围内。上述公式为估算硅酸盐熔体中稀有金属含量提供了便利,为量化花岗伟晶岩成矿模型提供了基础。
稀有金属独立矿物溶解度随温度降低和铝饱和指数的增加而急剧降低,因此,在岩浆演化过程中,由岩浆侵位、分离结晶以及流体作用等因素引起的岩浆温度降低和铝饱和指数的增加,是导致稀有金属独立矿物结晶的主要机制。

关键词: 稀有金属矿物, 溶解度, 温度, 铝饱和指数, 伟晶岩

Abstract:

Granitic pegmatite deposit is one of important types of rare metal deposits. In the granitic pegmatite, the rare metals Li, Be, Nb and Ta mainly occur in mineralogically distinct zones. Their solubilities in silicate melts have been studied systematically and shown to be mostly affected by temperature (T) and aluminum saturation index (ASI). Here we set out to establish quantitative relationships between T/ASI and the solubility of rare metal minerals (Nb and Ta) in silicate melts by multiple linear regression analysis of literature data. We found the following relationships:
lgc(Li) (10^-6)=-0.37×(1000/T)+4.56, R²=0.44
lgc(BeO) (10^-6)=-4.21×(1000/T)+6.86, R²=0.91
lgK_sp(Nb)=-(2.86±0.14)×ASI_(Mn+Li)(4.95±0.31)×(1000/T)+(4.20+0.28), R²=0.86
lgK_sp(Ta)=-(2.46±0.11)×ASI_(Mn+Li)(4.86±0.30)×(1000/T)+(4.00+0.30), R²=0.80
Where c is percentage content; K_sp is solubility, in mg ²/kg²; ASI_(Mn+Li) is the molar ratio Al₂O₃/(CaO+Na₂O+K₂O+Li₂O+MnO), applicable between 0.6-1.2; and T is temperature of silicate melt in Kelvin, applicable between 1073-1373 K. These quantitative relationships can be used as a basis for quantifying the metallogenic model of granitic pegmatite. The sharply decrease of solubility with decreasing T and increasing ASI can be the main mechanism leading to the crystallization of rare metal minerals, because the same conditions are met during magma evolution, where magma emplacement, fractional crystallization and fluid-melt interaction cause increase of magma temperature and decrease of ASI.

Key words: rare metal minerals, solubility, temperature, ASI, pegmatite

中图分类号:

唐勇, 覃山县, 赵景宇, 吕正航, 刘喜强, 王宏, 陈剑争, 张辉. 稀有金属矿物溶解度对花岗伟晶岩成矿作用的制约[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 81-92.

TANG Yong, QIN Shanxian, ZHAO Jingyu, LÜ Zhenghang, LIU Xiqiang, WANG Hong, CHEN Jianzheng, ZHANG Hui. Solubility of rare metals as a constraint on mineralization of granitic pegmatite[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 81-92.

图/表 6

图1 挥发组分对铌锰矿和钽锰矿溶解度的影响 (数据引自文献[10,12,14-15])

Fig.1 Effect of flux elements on the solubility of Mn-columbite and Mn-tantalite. Data adapted from [10,12,14-15].

图2 温度对稀有金属独立矿物溶解度的影响 (数据引自文献[10-13,15-21])

Fig.2 Effect of temperature on the solubility of independent rare-metal minerals. Data adapted from [10-13,15-21].

表1 温度对稀有金属矿物溶解度影响 (数据引自[10-13,15-21])

Table 1 Effect of temperature on solubility of rare metal minerals. Data adapted from [10-13,15-21].

序号	ASI	矿物	等式	R²	斜率	H/(kJ·mol^-1)
1	1.00	锂辉石	lg [w(Li)/10^-6]=-0.37×[1 000/(T/K)]+4.56	0.44	0.37	7.1
2	1.00	绿柱石	lg [w(BeO)/10^-6] =-2.75×[1 000/(T/K)]+5.89	0.95	3.32	63.6
3	>1.00	绿柱石	lg [w(BeO)/10^-6] =-4.21×[1 000/(T/K)]+6.86	0.91	4.21	80.6
4	0.60	铌锰矿	lg [ $K sp Nb$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-2.32×[1 000/(T/K)]+0.42	0.78	2.32	44.4
5	1.00	铌锰矿	lg [ $K sp Nb$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-5.56×[1 000/(T/K)]+1.75	0.98	5.56	106.5
6	1.20	铌锰矿	lg [ $K sp Nb$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-8.06×[1 000/(T/K)]+3.73	1.00	8.06	154.3
7	0.90	钽锰矿	lg [ $K sp Ta$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-5.28×[1 000/(T/K)]+2.24	0.98	5.28	101.1
8	1.00	钽锰矿	lg [ $K sp Ta$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-7.01×[1 000/(T/K)]+3.17	0.94	7.01	134.2
9	1.10	钽锰矿	lg [ $K sp Ta$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-5.19×[1 000/(T/K)]+3.17	0.94	5.19	99.4

表1 温度对稀有金属矿物溶解度影响 (数据引自[10-13,15-21])

Table 1 Effect of temperature on solubility of rare metal minerals. Data adapted from [10-13,15-21].

序号	ASI	矿物	等式	R²	斜率	H/(kJ·mol^-1)
1	1.00	锂辉石	lg [w(Li)/10^-6]=-0.37×[1 000/(T/K)]+4.56	0.44	0.37	7.1
2	1.00	绿柱石	lg [w(BeO)/10^-6] =-2.75×[1 000/(T/K)]+5.89	0.95	3.32	63.6
3	>1.00	绿柱石	lg [w(BeO)/10^-6] =-4.21×[1 000/(T/K)]+6.86	0.91	4.21	80.6
4	0.60	铌锰矿	lg [ $K sp Nb$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-2.32×[1 000/(T/K)]+0.42	0.78	2.32	44.4
5	1.00	铌锰矿	lg [ $K sp Nb$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-5.56×[1 000/(T/K)]+1.75	0.98	5.56	106.5
6	1.20	铌锰矿	lg [ $K sp Nb$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-8.06×[1 000/(T/K)]+3.73	1.00	8.06	154.3
7	0.90	钽锰矿	lg [ $K sp Ta$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-5.28×[1 000/(T/K)]+2.24	0.98	5.28	101.1
8	1.00	钽锰矿	lg [ $K sp Ta$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-7.01×[1 000/(T/K)]+3.17	0.94	7.01	134.2
9	1.10	钽锰矿	lg [ $K sp Ta$ /(mol²·kg^-2)]=-5.19×[1 000/(T/K)]+3.17	0.94	5.19	99.4

图3 熔体组成(ASI)对绿柱石、铌锰矿和钽锰矿溶解度的影响 (数据引自文献[10-13,15-20,22])

Fig.3 Effect of melt composition (ASI) on the solubility of beryl, Mn-columbite and Mn-tantalite. Data adapted from [10-13,15-20,22].

图4 稀有金属矿物饱和结晶及其在伟晶岩中分布特征 (据文献[30]修改)

Fig.4 Distribution of rare metals in granitic pegmatite. Modified after [30].

图5 稀有金属元素溶解度-温度的关系图 a—甲基卡X03伟晶岩脉中Li2O含量最大为1.5%;b—伟晶岩中已知最低和平均Be含量分别为30×10-6和200×10-6;c,d—熔体MnO含量受锰铝榴石的控制,熔体中MnO含量与温度的关系[31]为:ln[MnO]=-9 747.4/(T/K)+5.24,T为热力学温度。Tanco伟晶岩全岩铌和钽的含量分别为56×10-6和300×10-6。

Fig.5 Temperature-solubility diagrams for Li, Be, Nb and Ta

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稀有金属矿物溶解度对花岗伟晶岩成矿作用的制约

Solubility of rare metals as a constraint on mineralization of granitic pegmatite

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