川西花岗细晶岩-伟晶岩型锂矿含矿性评价与示矿标志

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.5.5

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 227-243.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.5.5

川西花岗细晶岩-伟晶岩型锂矿含矿性评价与示矿标志

付小方¹(), 黄韬², 郝雪峰¹, 王登红³, 梁斌⁴, 杨荣¹, 潘蒙¹, 范俊波¹

1.四川省综合地质调查研究所, 四川成都 610081
2.四川省地质工程勘察院集团有限公司, 四川成都 620072
3.中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所, 北京 100037
4.西南科技大学环境与资源学院, 四川绵阳 621010

收稿日期:2022-11-25 修回日期:2023-02-13 出版日期:2023-09-25 发布日期:2023-10-20
作者简介:付小方(1958—),女,教授级高级工程师,地质矿产专业,长期从事战略矿产调查与研究工作。E-mail: xiaofang@vip.163.com
基金资助:
国家科学技术部第二次青藏高原科学考察任务八之综合专题(2019QZKK0806);国家科学技术部深地资源勘查开采专项“锂能源金属矿产基地深部探测技术示范(2017YFC0602700)

Granitic aplite-pegmatite lithium deposits in western Sichuan: Ore-bearing property evaluation and geological indicators

FU Xiaofang¹(), HUANG Tao², HAO Xuefeng¹, WANG Denghong³, LIANG Bin⁴, YANG Rong¹, PAN Meng¹, Fan Junbo¹

1. Sichuan Provincial Institute of Comprehensive Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China
2. Sichuan Institute of Geological Engineering Investigation Group Co.Ltd, Chengdu 620072, China
3. Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
4. School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China

Received:2022-11-25 Revised:2023-02-13 Online:2023-09-25 Published:2023-10-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂金属被誉为21世纪的绿色能源金属,是我国重要的关键金属矿产之一。寻找超大型锂矿是地学界一大难题。川西花岗细晶岩-伟晶岩型锂矿资源丰富,成矿背景优越,但地表广为第四系覆盖。针对隐伏锂矿脉含矿性评价与示矿标志,笔者以近十年来在甲基卡取得X03超大型锂矿找矿突破的实践,以成矿理论为指导,分析了“成矿地质背景-地球物理-地球化学异常”之间的内在关联,从区域远景区分析、预测和圈定找矿靶区、矿床定位等层次与流程梳理,提出了花岗细晶岩-伟晶岩型锂矿“模型指导—遥感解译—地质填图—物探定位—化探定性—钻探验证”的综合评价模式,即:针对靶区选区难的问题,采用成矿模型指导、地质填图、总结找矿标志;针对隐伏岩体采用高精度重力探测+音频电磁大地测深(ATM);针对脉体定位采用音频电磁大地测深(ATM)+激电扫面+激电测深+高密度电法等不同推测深度的方法组合;针对脉体含矿性定性,采用大比例尺土壤地球化学测量,根据地球物理与地球化学异常之间的空间关系,推断带状物探高电阻异常体是否为含锂的脉体,为钻探工程布置提供依据。将该模式拓展指导并应用于雅江县木绒超大型锂矿的深部找矿勘探和石渠县扎乌龙、雅江县仁依措等大中型锂矿找矿评价中,取得了很好的成效,为下一步战略找矿行动提供了示范。

关键词: 川西, 花岗细晶岩-伟晶岩型锂矿, 找矿标志, 含矿性综合评价

Abstract:

Lithium, known as a clean energy metal and “white oil” of the 21st century, is one of the most important critical metals in China, yet finding large lithium deposits is one of the most challenging problems in geosciences. The high-grade aplite-pegmatite lithium deposits in western Sichuan have superior ore-forming conditions, but they are widely buried under Quaternary sediments. To evaluate the ore-bearing properties and identify the geological indicators of hidden lithium veins, we analyzed the internal relationship between the regional metallogenic setting and geophysical and geochemical anomalies. Combined with the regional ore prospecting, target area prediction/delineation, and ore-deposit positioning results, we developed a comprehensive evaluation method for granitic pegmatite lithium deposits, that is “model guiding-remote sensing image interpretation-geological mapping-geophysical prospecting-geochemical characterization-drilling verification” workflow. Briefly, metallogenic model analysis and geological mapping were carried out to identify geological indicators of target areas, and high-precision gravity detection and audio-frequency electromagnetic geodetic sounding (ATM) were used for hidden vein detection. To pinpoint the vein body, a combination of different depth estimation methods, such as ATM, IP scanning, IP sounding, and high-density resistivity imaging, were used. Large-scale soil geochemical measurements were used to characterize the ore-bearing property of vein bodies. Finally, the belt-shaped, geophysical high-resistance anomalous veins were evaluated according to the spatial relationship between geophysical and geochemical anomalies to identify lithium-bearing veins, that provided a basis for drilling engineering designs. This workflow has been applied to guide the deep prospecting and exploration of giant lithium deposit in Murong, Yajiang County, and in the evaluation of large to medium-size lithium deposits in Zhawulong, Shiqu County and Renyicuo, Yajiang County, and good results have been achieved. This study provided an example of strategic prospecting and exploration of lithium resource in the region.

Key words: western Sichuan, aplite-pegmatite lithium deposit, indicator of ore, comprehensive evaluation of ore-bearing properties

中图分类号:

付小方, 黄韬, 郝雪峰, 王登红, 梁斌, 杨荣, 潘蒙, 范俊波. 川西花岗细晶岩-伟晶岩型锂矿含矿性评价与示矿标志[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 227-243.

FU Xiaofang, HUANG Tao, HAO Xuefeng, WANG Denghong, LIANG Bin, YANG Rong, PAN Meng, Fan Junbo. Granitic aplite-pegmatite lithium deposits in western Sichuan: Ore-bearing property evaluation and geological indicators[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 227-243.

图/表 14

图1 青藏高原北部松潘-甘孜(川西)-甜水海造山带位置图(据文献[6]修改) 1—三叠系分布区;2—新元古代—古生代地层分布区;3—锂矿位置;4—周围地体;5—缝合带;6—逆冲断裂;7—走滑断裂。

Fig.1 Location of the Songpan-Garze (western Sichuan)-Tianshuihai terrane in northern Tibetan Plateau. Modified after [6].

图2 雅江北部岩浆穹窿群构造-变质地质图(据文献[9]修改) 1—十字石+红柱石(St-Ad)带; 2—石榴子石+黑云母(Ga-Bi)带; 3—绢云母+绿泥石 (Mc+Chl)带; 4—花岗岩;5—伟晶岩(矿)脉;6—劈理产状;7—断裂;8—动热变质带界线;T3—上三叠统西康群。

Fig.2 Sketch map of metamorphic magmatic diapir dome group in northern Yajiang. Modified after [9].

图3 甲基卡矿田中南段细晶岩与伟晶岩分布图(据文献[13]修改) 1—二云母花岗岩;2—伟晶岩-Ⅰ微斜长石型;3—伟晶岩-Ⅱ微斜长石钠长石型;4—伟晶岩-Ⅲ钠长石型;5—伟晶岩(细晶岩)-Ⅳ钠长石锂辉石型;6—伟晶岩-Ⅴ钠长石锂云母型;7—伟晶岩脉编号(X03为4 300 m标高的投影);8—不同伟晶岩类型界线;9—伟晶岩类型代号;10—重力和大地电磁音频测深剖面。

Fig.3 Distribution of pegmatite veins in the central and southern Jiajika orefield. Modified after [13].

图4 甲基卡矿田X03钠长-锂辉石矿脉矿石结构构造 A—锂矿的岩心;B—显微薄片中梳状锂辉石与微晶、细晶锂辉石;C—锂辉石韵律条带构造矿芯(c—微晶状锂辉石;b—细晶状锂辉石);D—微晶、细晶锂辉石条带矿芯;E—梳状与细晶锂辉石条带矿石。

Fig.4 Structural characteristics of X03 albeit-spodumene vein in the Jiajika orefield

图5 新3号(X03)和No.309矿脉与甲基甲米花岗岩枝三维勘探剖面(据文献[9]修改)

Fig.5 Simulated three-dimensional exploration profile of X03 and No.309 veins connected to granite branches. Modified after [9].

图6 甲基卡南北和东西向构造与AMT测深剖面(据文献[13]修改) a—NS向大地电磁音频测深剖面;b—NS向变形变质略图;c—EW向大地电磁音频测深剖面;d—EW向变形变质略图。

Fig.6 AMT measured cross-section along N-S and E-W directions, showing the deep structural geology of Jiajika area. Modified after [13].

图7 甲基卡花岗岩体三维模型与不同高程截水平面片(据文献[32]修改) a—从东南方向俯视,注意这些密度负异常体的边界是-100 mg/cm3;b—与(a)相同,但从东北方向俯视;c—海拔4 000 m的水平切面;d—海拔3 500 m的水平切面;e—海拔3 000 m的水平切面;f—海拔2 500 m的水平切面。1—密度异常体;2—花岗岩株(枝); 3—伟晶岩;4—锂矿脉。

Fig.7 3D and horizontal slices of density anomaly model of the Jiajika granitoids. Modified after [32].

图8 X03锂矿脉视电阻率与激电测深反演和勘探剖面对比图(据文献[9]) 1—锂辉石矿脉;2—钠长细晶岩;3—激电测深及勘探线剖面。

Fig.8 Comparison of apparent resistivity curve with induced sounding inversion image and survey line profile for X03 lithium deposit. Adapted from [9].

图9 甲基卡 1∶200 000水系化探异常剖析图(据文献[13]修改)

Fig.9 1∶200 000 geochemical anomaly maps of total metal elements, Li, B, and Be in Jiajika water system. Modified after [13].

图10 X03等伟晶岩脉视电阻率平面图 1—锂辉石伟晶岩矿脉及编号; 2—片岩出露区;3—激电测深剖面。

Fig.10 Planar resistivity map of pegmatite veins such as X03

图11 雅江县木绒超大型锂矿床P18(左)、P22(右)音频大地电磁测深与勘探剖面(据文献[38]修改)

Fig.11 AMT sounding and exploration profiles P18 (left) and P22 (right) of the Murong giant lithium deposits in Yajiang County. Modified after [38].

图12 石渠县扎乌龙锂矿床地质示意图

Fig.12 Geological sketch map of the Zhawulong lithium deposit in Shiqu County

图13 PM100 、PM102、PM104激电测深剖面综合解析图(据文献[39]修改)

Fig.13 Comprehensive interpretation of electrical resistivity profiles PM100, PM102, PM104. Modified after [39].

图14 电阻率高异常构建的三维体(据文献[39])

Fig.14 3D high-resistivity anomaly model. Adapted from [39].

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川西花岗细晶岩-伟晶岩型锂矿含矿性评价与示矿标志

Granitic aplite-pegmatite lithium deposits in western Sichuan: Ore-bearing property evaluation and geological indicators

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