伟晶岩中锆石研究进展及其对稀有金属成矿的启示

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.5.2

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球经济的发展,世界对稀有金属的需求量越来越大,伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床因其数量多、成矿潜力大而走进了人们的视野。锆石作为伟晶岩中重要的副矿物,是研究伟晶岩型矿床成矿物质来源、流体性质、流体演化过程和稀有金属富集机制的重要对象。本文综述了伟晶岩中锆石研究的最新进展并探讨了其对稀有金属成矿的启示。研究发现伟晶岩锆石具有多种成因且多遭受热液改造,导致其具有复杂的年龄谱系,伟晶岩稀有金属成矿与老锆石存在关联性。锆石微量元素既可以指示伟晶岩锆石的稀有金属矿化,也可以反演岩浆演化过程及揭示成矿流体性质。稀土元素四分组效应是一种特殊的稀土配分模式,这种模式在伟晶岩锆石中同样存在,指示了熔体与流体之间的演化过程。伟晶岩锆石中的Hf-O同位素组成变化很大,Hf同位素可以很好地对伟晶岩源区进行示踪,O同位素是良好的示踪剂。伟晶岩锆石有着丰富的包裹体,利用流体包裹体测温以及成分分析解决岩浆演化阶段时间划分、使用高铀锆石追踪富U流体的来源以及利用锆石Li、Zr同位素特征来揭示成矿过程等将是后续伟晶岩中锆石研究的重点方向。

关键词: 伟晶岩, 锆石, 稀有金属, U-Pb同位素, 微量元素

Abstract:

With increasing global demand for rare metals rare-metal pegmatites have attracted much attention due to their widespread distribution and great metallogenic potentials. Zircon as an important accessory mineral in pegmatites is important for the understanding of pegmatite genesis regarding the ore-forming source material, fluid properties/evolution, and rare-metal enrichment mechanism. This paper summarizes the latest research progress on pegmatite-hosted zircons and insights into rare-metal mineralization in pegmatites. Recent studies show that pegmatite-hosted zircons have multiple origins and often undergo hydrothermal transformation, which result in complex zircon age spectrum, where rare-metal mineralization is related to older zircons. Geochemical anomalies of trace elements in zircons can indicate complex rare-metal mineralization in pegmatites, constrain magmatic evolution process and reveal ore-forming fluid properties. The REE tetrad effect is a special mode of rare-earth distribution in magmatic rocks. Such distribution mode also exist for pegmatite-hosted zircons revealing complex melt-fluid evolution. Hf-O isotopic composition of pegmatite-hosted zircons is highly variable where Hf isotopes are a good tracer for pegmatite source areas and oxygen for fluids. Pegmatite-hosted zircon is rich in fluid and mineral inclusions, thus future key research should focus on using fluid inclusion temperature measurement and composition analysis to delineate the magmatic evolution stages, using high-U zircons to track the source of U-rich fluids, and using zircon Li/Zr isotopes to reveal the ore-forming processes.

Key words: pegmatite, zircon, rare metal, U-Pb isotope, trace elements

中图分类号:

孙文博, 李欢. 伟晶岩中锆石研究进展及其对稀有金属成矿的启示[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 171-184.

SUN Wenbo, LI Huan. Research progress on zircon from pegmatites and insights into rare-metal mineralization—a review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 171-184.

图/表 10

图1 香花岭伟晶岩锆石协和年龄,表现为多年龄谱系,且老锆石分多个段

Fig.1 U-Pb concordia diagrams for zircons from the Xianghualing pegmatite, revealing multistage zircon mineralization and zonal features in older zircons

图2 香花岭地区伟晶岩中锆石阴极发光图像 1~4号为蚀变锆石,表现出明显的蜕晶化;5~8号为岩浆型锆石,表现出完好的岩浆锆石颗粒特征;9~10号为继承型锆石,其同时具备环带特征和经过改造的不平整的边缘;11~13号为捕获型,具岩浆锆石结构外围包裹一圈重结晶。

Fig.2 CL images of zircons from the Xianghualing pegmatite

图3 加泰罗尼亚比利牛斯山脉I型伟晶岩锆石晶体示意图,显示富包裹体核、振荡带状原生锆石和片状次生锆石(据文献[21]修改)

Fig.3 Internal structure of zircon revealing an inclusion-rich core and oscillatory zoned primary and secondary zircons. Modified after [21].

图4 小秦岭伟晶岩脉锆石年龄群(据文献[22]修改)

Fig.4 Zircon U-Pb concordia ages for the Xiaoqinling pegmatite vein. Modified after [22].

图5 秦岭伟晶岩中锆石Nb+Ta与REE+Y含量关系示意图(据文献[41]修改)

Fig.5 Plots of REE+Y vs. Nb+Ta for zircons (~415 Ma (blue) and <415 Ma (red)) from the Qinling pegmatite rim (a) and core (b). Modified after [41].

图6 EPMA乌拉尔山中部伟晶岩锆石U、Th含量(据文献[46]修改)

Fig.6 X-ray maps showing U and Th distributions in zircons from the middle-Urals pegmatite. Modified after [46].

图7 不同成因锆石(Sm/La)N-La (a)和(Sm/La)N-δCe (b)图解浅灰色和深灰色分别代表典型的岩浆和热液锆石场(据文献[10,41,57]修改)

Fig.7 Genetic classification of zircons from the Qinling and Xinjiang pegmatites. Light and dark gray areas indicate fields of magmatic and hydrothermal zircon types, respectively. Modified after [10,41,57].

图8 新疆柯鲁木特地区伟晶岩中锆石的稀土元素特征(据文献[39]修改)

Fig.8 REE patterns of zircons from the Kelumute pegmatite, Xinjiang, showing REE tetrad effect. Modified after [39].

图9 新疆两伟晶岩εHf(t)值与锆石结晶年龄的关系图(据文献[69,79]修改)

Fig.9 Plot of εHf(t) vs. crystallization age for zircons from pegmatites and granites from two locations in Xinjiang. Modified after [69,79].

图10 阿尔卑斯山伟晶岩粗粒锆石年龄与δ18O关系图(据文献[13]修改)

Fig.10 Plot of δ18O vs. age for coarse zircons from Alpine pegmatites. Modified after [13].

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