南秦岭中段宁陕地区绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩中磷灰石和铌铁矿族矿物的矿物地球化学研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.5.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

宁陕伟晶岩区分布于宁陕花岗岩基南侧的外接触带,是秦岭造山带内三大伟晶岩区之一,并分布有伟晶岩型铷-铍-铌-钽矿床。本研究利用扫描电镜和电子探针对宁陕地区的绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩进行了矿物学研究,同时对铌铁矿族矿物和晶质铀矿进行了定年工作。矿物成分和结构特征显示伟晶岩内的磷灰石和铌铁矿族矿物均可分为两类。第一类磷灰石和第二类磷灰石分别具有相对低Mn、低Cl(MnO含量为0.41%~2.27%;Cl含量为0~0.06%)和高Mn、高Cl(MnO含量为14.51%~19.12%;Cl含量为0.12%~0.16%)的特征;第一类铌铁矿族矿物在分类图上集中在铌铁矿区域,第二类铌铁矿族矿物则分散于铌铁矿和钽铁矿区域。结合矿物组成和矿物相互交代关系,本研究认为第一类磷灰石和铌铁矿族矿物为岩浆分离结晶作用的产物,而第二类磷灰石和铌铁矿族矿物的形成则均与流体活动关系密切。第一类铌铁矿族矿物的U-Pb年龄((206.3±1.5) Ma)代表伟晶岩的侵位年龄,第一类磷灰石的原位Nd同位素结果(ε_Nd值的范围为-4.3~-2.5)与宁陕岩基内晚三叠世二长花岗岩的ε_Nd值基本一致,指示了其同源性。综合两类磷灰石和铌钽铁矿族矿物的成分和结构特征,本研究认为伟晶岩内流体活动具有多阶段性,次生晶质铀矿U-Pb年龄((199.2±1.5) Ma)与岩浆铌铁矿U-Pb年龄((206.3±1.5) Ma)相接近,暗示了早阶段流体活动与岩浆演化关系密切,属于岩浆-热液过渡阶段形成的残余流体;第二类铌铁矿族矿物中局部残留的高Mn含量和第二类磷灰石中较高的Mn、Cl含量共同指示了晚阶段流体中混合了来自围岩的外来流体。

关键词: 磷灰石, 铌铁矿族矿物, 流体活动, 绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩, 宁陕伟晶岩区

Abstract:

The Ningshan pegmatite district is locate at the outer contact zone on the south side of the Ningshan granitoid batholith. It is one of the three major pegmatite districts in the Qinling orogenic belt with numerous Rb-Be-Nb-Ta pegmatite deposits. This study investigates the mineralogy of beryl-columbite pegmatites by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) methods, and determines the U-Pb ages for columbite and uraninite. The apatite (Ap) and columbite-group minerals (CGM) of the Ningshan pegmatites can each be divided into two types according to their chemical composition and mineral structural characteristics. Type I apatite (Ap-I) has relatively low Mn (MnO, 0.02%-2.27%)/Cl (0%-0.06%) contents, while type II (Ap-II) has high Mn (MnO, 14.51%-19.12%)/Cl (0.12%-0.16%) contents. Type I columbite-group minerals (CGM-I) is classified as columbite-(Fe) and type II (CGM-II) as columbite-(Fe) to tantalite-(Fe) on the classification diagram. Combining mineral composition and metasomatism characteristics, we consider that type I minerals are formed by magmatic fractional crystallization, while type II are related closely to fluid activities. The U-Pb age for CGM-I ((206.3±1.5) Ma) represents the emplacement age of pegmatites; while in situ Nd isotopic analysis suggests that Ap-I (ε_Nd, -4.3 to -2.5) is genetically associated with Late-Triassic quartz monzonite and monzonite granite in the Ningshan batholith. The above results suggest that the Ningshan beryl-columbite pegmatites experienced multi-stage fluid activities. The U-Pb age proximity between secondary uraninite ((199.2±1.5) Ma) and CGM-I implies that early-stage fluid activities are closely related to magma evolution-likely to the exsolution of residual pegmatite-forming fluids during the magmatic to hydrothermal transition. Whilst a mixing of late-stage fluids with host-rock derived external fluids is indicated by the local high residual-Mn content in CGM-II and the high Mn/Cl contents in Ap-II.

Key words: apatite, columbite group mineral, fluid activity, beryl-columbite pegmatite, Ningshan pegmatite district

中图分类号:

聂潇, 陈雷, 郭现轻, 于涛, 王宗起. 南秦岭中段宁陕地区绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩中磷灰石和铌铁矿族矿物的矿物地球化学研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 115-133.

NIE Xiao, CHEN Lei, GUO Xianqing, YU Tao, WANG Zongqi. Geochemical analysis of apatite and columbite-group minerals of beryl-columbite pegmatites in Ningshan, southern Qinling orogen, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 115-133.

图/表 14

图1 (a)秦岭造山带大地构造位置;(b)南秦岭中段构造单元划分和印支期花岗岩类分布简图(据文献[26⇓-28]);(c)研究区地质图

Fig.1 Regional geology.(a) Location and tectonic setting of the Qinling orogenic belt.(b) Tectonic units of the middle segment，southern Qinling orogenic belt,showing the distribution of Indosinian granitoids ( adapted from[26⇓-28]).(c) Geological sketch map of the study area.

图2 本研究中伟晶岩的野外露头(a)及岩石薄片的TIMA矿物相图(b,c) 伟晶岩颜色分带为新鲜面和植被覆盖面的颜色差。

图a (a) Pegmatite outcrops showing the effect of vegetation on outcrop appearance, and (b, c) TIMA images of rock thin sections from pegmatite specimens.

表1 宁陕绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩中第一类磷灰石的电子探针分析结果

Table 1 Chemical compositions (wt%) by EPMA of Ap-I from specimens of the Ningshan beryl-columbite pegmatite

图3 本研究伟晶岩中第二类磷灰石及其内部矿物包裹体的扫描电镜背散射(BSE)图像(a)和能谱分析(EDS)图谱(b,c),以及磷灰石部分元素分布图(d,e) 图a中黄色虚线框代表了图d和e中元素面扫描区域。矿物缩写:Ap-Ⅰ—第一类磷灰石;Ap-Ⅱ—第二类磷灰石;Trl—氟磷锰矿。

Fig.3 Mineral analysis of pegmatite specimens. (a) BSE image of pegmatite specimen showing Ap-I, Ap-II and triplite occurrences. (b) EDS spectrum of Ap-I. (c) EDS spectrum of Ap-II. (d) EPMA image of apatite with Mn elemental scan. (e) EPMA image of apatite with F elemental scan.

图4 (a)本研究伟晶岩中具有代表性的第一类(Ap-Ⅰ)磷灰石颗粒的BSE图像(圆圈指Nd同位素测点位置);(b)第一类(Ap-Ⅰ)磷灰石颗粒的Sm-Nd同位素值图

Fig.4 (a) Representative BSE images of Ap-Ⅰ grains (circles indicate sampling points for Nd isotopic analysis), and (b) Sm-Nd isochron diagram for Ap-Ⅰ grains.

表2 宁陕绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩中磷灰石的LA- ICP-MS Nd同位素分析结果

Table 2 Results of Nd isotopic analysis by LA-ICP-MS for apatite from pegmatite specimens

图5 本研究伟晶岩中不同类型铌铁矿族矿物及其内部包裹体的扫描电镜BSE图像(a-d)及其内部包裹体的EDS图谱(e,f) 图c中虚线框代表了图6中元素面扫描区域。矿物缩写:CGM-Ⅰ—第一类铌铁矿族矿物;CGM-Ⅱ—第二类铌铁矿族矿物;Urn—晶质铀矿;Mcl—细晶石(疑似)。

Fig.5 (a-d) BSE images of pegmatite specimens showing occurrences of CGM-Ⅰ/Ⅱ and inclusions Urn and Mcl in CGM-Ⅱ, and (e, f) EDS spectra of inclusions Urn and Mcl.

图6 本研究伟晶岩中铌铁矿族矿物部分元素分布图

Fig. 6 EPMA images of pegmatite specimens showingCGM distribution patterns

表3 宁陕绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩中两类铌铁矿广族矿物的电子探针分析结果

Table 3 Chemical compositions (wt%) by EPMA of CC GM-I/II from pegmatite specimens

图7 本研究伟晶岩中不同类型铌铁矿族矿物成因分类图

Fig.7 Genetic classification diagram for columbite-group minerals from pegmatite specimens

图8 (a)本研究伟晶岩中具有代表性的第一类铌铁矿族矿物颗粒(含U-Pb年龄分析激光剥蚀点)的BSE图像;(b)第一类铌铁矿U-Pb年代学分析结果(含下交点年龄和平均年龄)

Fig.8 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating data for single-grain CGM-I from pegmatite specimens. (a) Representative BSE images. (b) Tera-Wasserburg concordia diagram and weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages.

表4 宁陕绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩中铌铁矿的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄

Table 4 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages for CGM from pegmatite specimens

样品名	同位素比值及误差					年龄及误差/Ma
样品名	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	1σ	rho	²⁰⁷Pb-corrected	1σ
K6145-1	0.060 74	0.001 73	0.031 41	0.000 43	0.32	197	2.7
K6145-2	0.058 46	0.003 34	0.031 68	0.000 85	0.45	199	5.4
K6145-3	0.053 10	0.001 33	0.032 12	0.000 59	0.63	203	3.7
K6145-4	0.061 38	0.003 20	0.032 52	0.000 65	0.16	204	4.1
K6145-5	0.053 73	0.001 57	0.032 39	0.000 46	0.34	205	2.9
K6145-6	0.051 47	0.001 49	0.032 31	0.000 50	0.59	205	3.2
K6145-7	0.089 15	0.004 54	0.034 05	0.000 86	0.68	206	5.3
K6145-8	0.049 75	0.002 30	0.032 41	0.000 49	0.21	206	3.1
K6145-9	0.053 81	0.002 76	0.032 59	0.000 62	0.01	206	3.9
K6145-10	0.050 16	0.001 31	0.032 49	0.000 38	0.26	206	2.4
K6145-11	0.052 79	0.001 05	0.032 61	0.000 38	0.41	206	2.4
K6145-12	0.053 12	0.002 34	0.032 67	0.000 54	0.13	207	3.4
K6145-13	0.049 57	0.001 09	0.032 57	0.000 48	0.54	207	3.0
K6145-14	0.052 13	0.001 36	0.032 70	0.000 40	0.11	207	2.5
K6145-15	0.051 48	0.001 43	0.032 73	0.000 56	0.68	207	3.5
K6145-16	0.049 70	0.001 36	0.032 68	0.000 49	0.49	207	3.1
K6145-17	0.050 96	0.001 43	0.032 75	0.000 41	0.29	208	2.6
K6145-18	0.057 64	0.002 97	0.033 19	0.000 51	0.18	209	3.3
K6145-19	0.055 79	0.002 88	0.033 34	0.000 64	0.25	210	4.1
K6145-20	0.147 02	0.003 80	0.037 70	0.000 64	0.72	210	3.7
K6145-21	0.050 68	0.002 95	0.033 19	0.000 51	0.04	210	3.3
K6145-22	0.175 33	0.005 67	0.039 42	0.000 54	0.29	211	3.4
K6145-23	0.335 93	0.004 41	0.052 59	0.000 75	0.73	214	3.8

图9 (a)本研究伟晶岩中用于U-Pb年代学分析的晶质铀矿颗粒的BSE图像(圆圈指U-Pb年代学分析测试点位);(b,c)晶质铀矿U-Pb年代学分析谐和图和平均年龄

Fig.9 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating data for single-grain uraninite from pegmatite specimens. (a) Representative BSE images. (b) Concordia diagram. (c) Weighted mean ages.

表5 宁陕绿柱石-铌铁矿型伟晶岩中晶质铀矿的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄

Table 1 LA-ICP-MSU-Pb isotopic ages for uraninite from pegmatite specimens

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