塔里木陆块周缘岩浆Cu-Ni-Co硫化物矿床形成的探讨

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

因新发现的夏日哈木超大型岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床成岩成矿研究存在争议,对岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床的成因机制又引发新一轮的关注。中国造山带中铜镍钴硫化物矿床具有鲜明的分布特点,20世纪80年代东天山黄山东等一批岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床的发现,曾经提出蛇绿岩形成铜镍钴硫化物矿床的观点,而后出现了洋壳削减闭合陆-陆碰撞后新生陆壳裂陷槽环境形成铜镍钴矿的主流认识;进入21世纪后,随着塔里木早二叠世大火成岩省的提出,开始将东天山和新疆北山的岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床与塔里木大火成岩省的形成关联起来,并认为是地幔柱作用的结果。但随着研究的深入,由于含铜镍钴镁铁-超镁铁岩地球化学具有典型的岛弧特征,又将东天山铜镍钴矿床的形成与俯冲削减的板片再次联系了起来,导致岩浆型铜镍钴硫化物矿床形成背景还存在较大争议。我们认为岩石微量元素显示岛弧信息,是俯冲交代及地壳混染引起的地球化学屏蔽效应;铬尖晶石成分及所反映的氧逸度环境指示为张性环境,而非岛弧。塔里木陆块周缘3期岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床成矿代表了中国最重要的3期成镍事件,实际反映了塔里木陆块在全球大陆聚散演化中与超大陆之间关键的聚散事件:(1)新元古代金川Cu-Ni-PGE矿成矿代表了由于地幔柱作用以塔里木、扬子和西澳大利亚陆块之间的裂解为起点的罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解事件,直至早古生代形成原特提斯洋-古亚洲洋;(2)早古生代末夏日哈木Ni-Co矿则是代表冈瓦纳大陆南部裂解从而形成古特提斯洋的标志性事件;(3)晚古生代早二叠世坡一Cu-Ni矿应是地幔柱作用潘吉亚超大陆生长大火成岩省的深成相组成。本文系统总结了3个矿床的成矿特征,并对比了3个矿床的区别。尽管坡一在3个矿床中有基性程度最高的母岩浆,但坡一相对于夏日哈木、金川显示出低的地壳混染程度,特别是地壳硫混染程度,这可能是坡一成矿相对差的主要原因。此外坡一不仅地壳混染程度低,且其混染了较多的钙质,抑制了硫化物饱和。

关键词: 岩浆铜镍钴铂族硫化物矿床, 造山带, 岛弧, 地幔柱, 地壳混染, 塔里木

Abstract:

Due to the controversy over the diagenesis and mineralization of the newly discovered Xiarihamu super-large magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt sulfide deposit, it started a new round of discussion on the metallogeny of the magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt sulfide deposit. The copper-nickel-cobalt sulfide deposits in the orogenic belt in China have a distinctive distribution feature. In the 1980s, with the discovery of a series of magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt sulfide deposits in the mafic-ultramafic rocks in eastern Tianshan, it was proposed that these mafic-ultramafic rocks are ophiolites. Then, a mainstream viewpoint was formed that the copper-nickel-cobalt deposits in eastern Tianshan were formed in the continental crust rifting trough environment after the subduction of the oceanic crust and the closure of the continental collision. The discovery of the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in the 21st century suggested that the magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt sulfide deposits in eastern Tianshan and the Beishan in Xinjiang are related to the formation of the Tarim mantle plume. However, based on the geochemistry of mafic-ultramafic whole-rock with typical island arc characteristics, some researchers maintained that some magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt deposit could be associated with subduction-reduction plates. We believe that the trace elements of whole-rocks that show island arc information are a geochemical shielding effect caused by the subduction and crustal contamination. The composition of the chrome spinel and the oxygen fugacity environment indicated that these deposits were formed in an extension environment, rather than the island arc. The three-period magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt sulfide deposits around the Tarim block represent the three most critical nickel-forming events in China, which reflect the vital convergent events between the Tarim block and the supercontinent. First, the Neoproterozoic giant Jinchuan Cu-Ni-Co-PGE deposit represents the Rodinia supercontinent break-up event, which led to the formation of the Paleo-Asian Ocean among the Tarim Block, Yangtze Block, and Western Australian Block. Second, the large Xiarihamu nickel-cobalt deposit in the Early Paleozoic was the product of the break-up event in the southern Gondwana land, leading to the formation of the Paleo-Tethys in the Paleozoic. Third, the Early Permian Poyi copper-nickel deposit should be a plutonic facies composed of mantle plumes and large igneous rocks grown in the Pangea supercontinent. This article systematically summarizes and compares the metallogenic characteristics of the three deposits. Although Poyi has the highest MgO content of parent magma among the three deposits, it shows a lower degree of crustal contamination, especially crustal sulfur contamination, compared with Xiarihamu and Jinchuan. This is probably the main reason why the Poyi intrusion has the lowest Cu-Ni mineralization among the three deposits. Furthermore, the Poyi intrusion has some contamination of calcium, which can hinder sulfide saturation.

Key words: magmatic Cu-Ni-Co-PGE sulfide deposits, orogenic belts, island arc, mantle plume, crustal contamination, Tarim

中图分类号:

李文渊, 王亚磊, 钱兵, 刘月高, 韩一筱. 塔里木陆块周缘岩浆Cu-Ni-Co硫化物矿床形成的探讨[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(2): 276-293.

LI Wenyuan, WANG Yalei, QIAN Bing, LIU Yuegao, HAN Yixiao. Discussion on the formation of magmatic Cu-Ni-Co sulfide deposits in margin of Tarim Block[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(2): 276-293.

图/表 8

图1 塔里木陆块周缘构造简图及岩浆铜镍钴铂族硫化物矿床地质分布图 1—古生代岩石;2—新元古代岩石;3—中元古代岩石;4—古元古代岩石;5—太古宙岩石;6—新元古代花岗岩;7—断层;8—推测断层;9—南华—震旦纪冰积岩;10—第四纪荒漠和沉积物;11—基性岩墙群;12—地块;13—断裂;14—推测断裂;15—青海湖;16—地名;17—岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床。

Fig.1 Schematic map of tectonics at peripheries of Tarim Block and geological distribution of magmatic Cu-Ni-Co-PGE sulfide deposits

图2 金川巨型Cu-Ni-Co-PGE硫化物矿床地质简图(a)及勘探线剖面图(b)(据文献[5]) 1—第四系;2—前震旦系;3—二辉橄榄岩;4—含长二辉橄榄岩;5—橄榄二辉岩;6—二辉岩;7—浸染状矿体;8—海绵陨铁状矿体;9—氧化矿体;10—交代矿体;11—块状硫化物矿体;12—断层;13—勘探线。

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of Jinchuan giant Cu-Ni-Co-PGE sulfide deposit (a) and prospecting line profile (b). Adapted from [5].

图3 夏日哈木矿区(a)、Ⅰ号岩体地质图(b)及夏日哈木Ni-Co矿床纵剖面图(c)(图a据文献[12];图b据文献[56],新元古代年龄据文献[11,57],基性-超基性岩体年龄据文献[7,9];图c据文献[8]) 1—第四系;2—元古宙花岗片麻岩;3—元古宙白云质大理岩;4—榴辉岩;5—地幔橄榄岩;6—纯橄岩;7—方辉橄榄岩;8—单辉橄榄岩;9—斜方辉石岩和二辉岩;10—辉长苏长岩或辉长岩;11—斜长岩;12—基性岩脉;13—花岗岩或花岗岩脉;14—断层或推测断层;15—氧化矿体;16—镍矿体编号;17—测年位置及年龄;18—钻孔位置及编号;19—勘探线编号。

Fig.3 Geological map of Xiarihamu mining area (a) and No.1 rock mass (b),and longitudinal section of Xiarihamu Ni-Co deposit (c)

图4 坡北岩体群地质图(a)、坡一Cu-Ni矿区地质图(b)及坡一矿区主勘探线剖面图(c)(图a:坡北岩体群地质简图据文献[13],磁铁辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄据文献[13],坡一岩体辉长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 年龄据文献[59],中坡山北岩体角闪辉长岩锆石U-Pb年龄据文献[16];图b:坡一铜镍矿地质图据文献[60];图c:坡一主勘探线(22线)剖面图据文献[58]) 1—古元古代北山群;2—中元古代白湖群;3—中元古代蚕头山群;4—元古宙花岗片麻岩;5—元古宙大理岩;6—元古宙黑云石英片岩;7—下石炭统红柳园组;8—下石炭统石板山组;9—淡色辉长岩;10—磁铁辉长岩;11—辉长岩;12—橄榄苏长辉长岩;13—纯橄岩;14—角闪橄榄岩;15—单辉橄榄岩;16—单辉岩;17—橄榄辉长岩;18—二叠纪闪长岩;19—二叠纪石英闪长岩;20—区域大断裂;21—小型断裂;22—铜镍矿床;23—磁铁矿矿点;24—镍矿体(w(Ni)>0.4%);25—钻孔及编号。

Fig.4 Geological map of Pobei pluton group (a),geological map of Poyi Cu-Ni deposit (b), and main prospecting section of Poyi deposit (c)

表1 塔里木周缘3期岩浆铜镍钴铂族硫化物矿床特征对比一览表

Table 1 Characteristics comparison of three-period magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt-platinum sulfide deposits in the periphery of Tarim Block

矿床名称	成矿背景		容矿围岩	镁铁-超镁铁岩	矿石类型	主要矿物组合	成矿元素基本特征
矿床名称	成矿背景		容矿围岩	镁铁-超镁铁岩	矿石类型	主要矿物组合	Ni品位		Cu品位			Ni/Cu		PGE含量
金川	新元古代与Rodinia超大裂解相关的拉张环境		古元古界白家咀子组	纯橄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩和少量斜长二辉橄榄岩	海绵陨铁状、星点状、少量块状矿石、浸染状和变余海绵陨铁状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿、砷铂矿、自然铂、锑铂矿、锑钯铂矿、碲铂矿、铋碲镍铂矿、碲铋钯矿、铋碲镍钯矿	平均1.05%		平均0.68%			平均1.54		富集PGE,局部Pd、Pt可高达1~2 g/t
夏日哈木	早古生代晚期原特提斯—古特提斯构造转换裂解背景		新元古代花岗片麻岩	纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩、斜方辉石岩、辉长苏长岩、辉长岩	斑杂状、浸染状、海绵陨铁状、星点状和少量块状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿	平均0.68%		0.14%			平均4.86		(0.09~349)×10^-9
坡一	早二叠世塔里木地幔柱作用下裂解背景		中元古界白湖群	纯橄岩、角闪橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩、单辉岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长岩等	稀疏浸染状、星点状、局部偶见块状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿	0.2%~0.6%,少数为0.6%~0.9%,极个别可达1%以上		<0.15%			平均2.5~3		(0.19~404.17)×10^-9
矿床名称	岩石地球化学m/f	矿物学指标						同位素特征					母岩浆中 w(MgO)
矿床名称	岩石地球化学m/f	橄榄石Fo		橄榄石Ni	铬尖晶石Cr^#	铬尖晶石 Fe³⁺/∑Fe		ε_Nd(t)		δ³⁴S	Δ³³S		母岩浆中 w(MgO)
金川	2.0~6.5	80.0~85.7		(1 396~2 500)×10^-6	0.32~0.99			-9.20~-10.54		-1.19‰~8.00‰	-0.01‰~2.67‰		11.79%~12.90%
夏日哈木	0.80~6.67	83.0~90.8		(558~4 370)×10^-6	0.15~0.61	0.003~0.295		-1.97~-5.74		2.2‰~7.7‰			8.58%~9.79%
坡一	2.83~8.49	84.5~89.7		639~4 354	0.35~0.83	0.076~0.309		-1.79~6.63		-0.3‰~-3.5‰	0.004‰~0.221‰		12.26%~14.91%

表1 塔里木周缘3期岩浆铜镍钴铂族硫化物矿床特征对比一览表

Table 1 Characteristics comparison of three-period magmatic copper-nickel-cobalt-platinum sulfide deposits in the periphery of Tarim Block

矿床名称	成矿背景		容矿围岩	镁铁-超镁铁岩	矿石类型	主要矿物组合	成矿元素基本特征
矿床名称	成矿背景		容矿围岩	镁铁-超镁铁岩	矿石类型	主要矿物组合	Ni品位		Cu品位			Ni/Cu		PGE含量
金川	新元古代与Rodinia超大裂解相关的拉张环境		古元古界白家咀子组	纯橄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩和少量斜长二辉橄榄岩	海绵陨铁状、星点状、少量块状矿石、浸染状和变余海绵陨铁状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿、砷铂矿、自然铂、锑铂矿、锑钯铂矿、碲铂矿、铋碲镍铂矿、碲铋钯矿、铋碲镍钯矿	平均1.05%		平均0.68%			平均1.54		富集PGE,局部Pd、Pt可高达1~2 g/t
夏日哈木	早古生代晚期原特提斯—古特提斯构造转换裂解背景		新元古代花岗片麻岩	纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩、斜方辉石岩、辉长苏长岩、辉长岩	斑杂状、浸染状、海绵陨铁状、星点状和少量块状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿	平均0.68%		0.14%			平均4.86		(0.09~349)×10^-9
坡一	早二叠世塔里木地幔柱作用下裂解背景		中元古界白湖群	纯橄岩、角闪橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩、单辉岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长岩等	稀疏浸染状、星点状、局部偶见块状	磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿	0.2%~0.6%,少数为0.6%~0.9%,极个别可达1%以上		<0.15%			平均2.5~3		(0.19~404.17)×10^-9
矿床名称	岩石地球化学m/f	矿物学指标						同位素特征					母岩浆中 w(MgO)
矿床名称	岩石地球化学m/f	橄榄石Fo		橄榄石Ni	铬尖晶石Cr^#	铬尖晶石 Fe³⁺/∑Fe		ε_Nd(t)		δ³⁴S	Δ³³S		母岩浆中 w(MgO)
金川	2.0~6.5	80.0~85.7		(1 396~2 500)×10^-6	0.32~0.99			-9.20~-10.54		-1.19‰~8.00‰	-0.01‰~2.67‰		11.79%~12.90%
夏日哈木	0.80~6.67	83.0~90.8		(558~4 370)×10^-6	0.15~0.61	0.003~0.295		-1.97~-5.74		2.2‰~7.7‰			8.58%~9.79%
坡一	2.83~8.49	84.5~89.7		639~4 354	0.35~0.83	0.076~0.309		-1.79~6.63		-0.3‰~-3.5‰	0.004‰~0.221‰		12.26%~14.91%

图5 尖晶石Al-Cr-Fe3+构造判别图(底图据文献[86],夏日哈木数据来自文献[8],坡一数据来自文献[78])

Fig.5 Tectonic discrimination plot of spinel Al-Cr-Fe3+

图6 夏日哈木、坡一岩体氧逸度与岛弧阿拉斯加型岩体氧逸度的对比(阿拉斯加型岩体尖晶石成分范围及尖晶石Fe3+/∑Fe分界线0.3据文献[8];坡一岩体数据据文献[78];夏日哈木岩体数据据文献[8])

Fig.6 Composition of oxygen fugacity of the Xiarihamu, the Poyi rock mass and the Alaska-type rock mass in the island arc

图7 塔里木周缘铜镍钴硫化物矿床成矿模型(图c塔里木早二叠世地幔柱岩浆东北向迁移模式据文献[14])

Fig.7 Metallogenic model of Cu-Ni-Co sulfide deposit in the periphery of Tarim Block

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