基于弹性板模型的塔里木盆地北部新生代沉降模拟:对南天山隆升的启示

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.9.43

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在印度-欧亚板块碰撞远程效应影响下,天山造山带在新生代活化隆升,与其南缘相邻的塔里木盆地北部发生挠曲沉降并沉积了巨厚的新生代地层,该巨厚新生代地层和造山沉积地层为本文进一步探究南天山隆升过程提供了关键的沉积记录。本文采用有限弹性板数值模拟的方法,对盆地新生代不同时期基底沉降剖面分别进行建模研究。结果表明:盆地沉降受沉积负载和构造负载共同控制,66~>5.3 Ma期间沉积负载对盆地沉降的贡献量小于或等于构造负载的贡献量;约5.3 Ma至今沉积负载对盆地沉降的贡献量远大于构造负载。南天山构造负载变化速率表现为66~>26.3 Ma缓慢增长;26.3~>5.3 Ma南天山稳定增长;约5.3 Ma至今南天山造山带构造负载高度快速增长。基于对盆地沉降过程的分析,限制南天山新生代初始隆升时间为古近纪,其相对海拔高度从400 m增长到2 500 m;虽然在约5.3 Ma至今南天山相对海拔高度保持稳定,但构造负载高度仍在增加,这可能是盆地俯冲作用的加剧在一定程度上抑制了造山带平均海拔高度的增长,进而导致南天山的侵蚀和隆升达到相对平衡。

关键词: 南天山, 塔里木盆地北部, 有限弹性板模拟, 沉降过程, 初始隆升

Abstract:

The Tian Shan orogenic belt experienced activation and uplift during the Cenozoic era, attributed to the remote effects of the India-Asia collision. Adjacent to the southern margin of the Tian Shan orogenic belt, the northern Tarim Basin underwent bending subsidence and accumulated extensive Cenozoic strata, providing a robust foundation for investigating the uplifting process of the southern Tian Shan Mountains. In this study, we employ finite elastic plate numerical simulation to model basement subsidence profiles across various Cenozoic periods. Our findings underscore the control of basin subsidence by sedimentary load and tectonic load, with sedimentary load exerting a significantly greater influence on basin subsidence than tectonic load from ~5.3 Ma to the present. The rate of load change in the southern Tian Shan structure exhibits gradual increase from ~66 Ma to ~26.3 Ma, followed by a rapid ascent since ~5.3 Ma. Our analysis indicates that the initial uplift phase of the Cenozoic in the southern Tian Shan was confined to the Paleogene, with its relative elevation escalating from 400 meters to 2500 meters. Although the relative elevation of the southern Tian Shan has remained stable since ~5.3 Ma, the height of tectonic load continues to rise. This phenomenon is attributed to the intensified basin subduction, which has constrained the average elevation of the orogenic belt, thereby establishing a relative equilibrium between erosion and uplift processes in the southern Tian Shan.

Key words: southern Tian Shan, northern Tarim Basin, finite elastic plate simulation, settlement process, initial uplift

中图分类号:

P542
P534.6

陈昌锦, 程晓敢, 林秀斌, 李丰, 田禾丰, 屈梦雪, 孙思瑶. 基于弹性板模型的塔里木盆地北部新生代沉降模拟:对南天山隆升的启示[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(4): 340-353.

CHEN Changjin, CHENG Xiaogan, LIN Xiubin, LI Feng, TIAN Hefeng, QU Mengxue, SUN Siyao. Modeling of the Cenozoic subsidence of northern Tarim Basin using elastic plate numerical model: Implications for uplift of South Tian Shan[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(4): 340-353.

图/表 12

图1 区域大地构造背景及塔里木盆地北部新生代地层厚度等值线图(据文献[6]修改) 黑色实线为图3中AA'剖面位置。

Fig.1 Regional tectonic background and contour map of Cenozoic strata thickness in the northern Tarim Basin. Modified after [6]. The solid black line indicates the location of profile AA' in Fig.3.

图2 塔里木盆地北部新生代地层综合柱状图(据文献[6,14,29]修改)

Fig.2 Comprehensive column of Cenozoic strata in northern Tarim foreland basin. Modified after [6,14,29].

图3 研究区代表性地震剖面揭示的地层厚度分布与构造(剖面位置见图1中AA'剖面)

Fig.3 Seismic profile revealing stratigraphic thickness distribution and structure in the study area (Profile location: AA' profile in Fig.1)

图4 二维有限弹性板原理应用示意图

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of the application of the two-dimensional finite elastic plate principle

表1 各类型沉积岩去压实系数(据文献[38]修改)

Table 1 Decompaction factors for various types of sedimentary rocks. Modified after [38].

岩性	压实系数/(10⁵ cm^-1)	初始孔隙度Ø₀	沉积物颗粒密度ρ_s/(g·cm^-3)
砂岩	0.27	0.49	2.65
页岩	0.51	0.63	2.72
泥质砂岩	0.39	0.56	2.68

图5 剖面新生代地层平衡演化图示,各地层沉积时期基底形态 a—原始沉积剖面;b—回剥N2k和Q地层,代表N1k末期基底沉降剖面;c—回剥N1k地层,此时代表N1j末期基底沉降剖面;d—回剥N1j地层,此时代表E末期基底沉降剖面。

Fig.5 Evolution diagram of Cenozoic strata balance profile, showing the basement morphology during sedimentation periods

图6 实验初始模型设计图

Fig.6 Experimental initial model design diagram

图7 根据基底形态筛选Te值 a—根据基底形态确定最佳Te值范围;b—加密处理后的实验结果。

Fig.7 Screening Te based on basement morphology. (a) Determining the optimal Te value range;(b) Experimental results after encryption processing

图8 新生代不同演化阶段塔里木盆地北部模拟结果与实际基底形态拟合 a,c,e和g—分别为古新世—渐新世、渐新世—中新世、中新世和新近纪—第四纪对有限板只加载沉积负载时模拟结果与盆地基底形态拟合对比; b,d,f和h—分别为古新世—渐新世、渐新世—中新世、中新世和新近纪—第四纪对有限板同时加载沉积负载和构造负载的模拟结果与盆地基底形态拟合对比。

Fig.8 Comparative analysis of the simulation results and the actual basement fitting in the northern Tarim Basin during the Cenozoic. (a), (c), (e), and (g) respectively represent comparisons between simulation results of sediment loading only on finite plates during the Paleogene-Neogene, Neogene-Miocene, Miocene, and Neogene-Quaternary, and the fitting of the basin’s basement. (b), (d), (f), and (h) respectively represent comparisons between simulation results of both sediment loading and tectonic loading on finite plates during the Paleogene-Neogene, Neogene-Miocene, Miocene, and Neogene-Quaternary, and the fitting of the basin’s basement.

图9 造山带构造负载变化图

Fig.9 Tectonic loading changes in the orogenic belt

图10 根据沉降模型总结南天山造山带构造负载平均高度和相对海拔变化图

Fig.10 Summary of the average height and average elevation changes of tectonic loading in the south Tian Shan orogenic belt according to the subsidence model

图11 沉积负载和构造负载分别贡献了该时期盆地沉降总量的百分比图

Fig.11 Percentage contribution of sedimentary load and tectonic load to the total subsidence of the basin during this period

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